<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?><!-- generator=Zoho Sites --><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"><channel><atom:link href="https://www.itsmf.ch/blogs/tag/ai/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><title>itSMF Switzerland - Blog #AI</title><description>itSMF Switzerland - Blog #AI</description><link>https://www.itsmf.ch/blogs/tag/ai</link><lastBuildDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2026 04:47:24 +0200</lastBuildDate><generator>http://zoho.com/sites/</generator><item><title><![CDATA[The EU Artificial Intelligence Act: a structured step toward trustworthy AI]]></title><link>https://www.itsmf.ch/blogs/post/the-eu-artificial-intelligence-act-a-structured-step-toward-trustworthy-ai</link><description><![CDATA[<img align="left" hspace="5" src="https://www.itsmf.ch/the-eu-artificial-intelligence-act-a-structured-step-toward-trustworthy-ai-itsmf-switzerland-bl.png"/>The Act reflects the EU’s commitment to a human-centric approach to technology, balancing innovation with fundamental rights through a harmonized risk-based legal framework.]]></description><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="zpcontent-container blogpost-container "><div data-element-id="elm_eaocCKUWRQWj8hdYP5pfdA" data-element-type="section" class="zpsection "><style type="text/css"> [data-element-id="elm_eaocCKUWRQWj8hdYP5pfdA"].zpsection{ border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zpcontainer-fluid zpcontainer"><div data-element-id="elm_EZDc8gx4R1GuKfHeKhZ2iw" data-element-type="row" class="zprow zprow-container zpalign-items-flex-start zpjustify-content- " data-equal-column="false"><style type="text/css"> [data-element-id="elm_EZDc8gx4R1GuKfHeKhZ2iw"].zprow{ border-radius:1px; } </style><div data-element-id="elm_PC-fd0JiQGy9ODIQOJc_6g" data-element-type="column" class="zpelem-col zpcol-12 zpcol-md-8 zpcol-sm-12 zpalign-self- "><style type="text/css"> [data-element-id="elm_PC-fd0JiQGy9ODIQOJc_6g"].zpelem-col{ border-radius:1px; } </style><div data-element-id="elm_DmKi1zQzpSrBY7HijFo4iw" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_DmKi1zQzpSrBY7HijFo4iw"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><p><span style="font-style:italic;">Reading time: ~ 2 min.</span><br/></p></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_2qjBSAuRzQlWAQ9It7Qvyg" data-element-type="image" class="zpelement zpelem-image "><style> @media (min-width: 992px) { [data-element-id="elm_2qjBSAuRzQlWAQ9It7Qvyg"] .zpimage-container figure img { width: 703px ; height: 468.85px ; } } @media (max-width: 991px) and (min-width: 768px) { [data-element-id="elm_2qjBSAuRzQlWAQ9It7Qvyg"] .zpimage-container figure img { width:723px ; height:481.80px ; } } @media (max-width: 767px) { [data-element-id="elm_2qjBSAuRzQlWAQ9It7Qvyg"] .zpimage-container figure img { width:415px ; height:276.55px ; } } [data-element-id="elm_2qjBSAuRzQlWAQ9It7Qvyg"].zpelem-image { border-radius:1px; } </style><div data-caption-color="" data-size-tablet="" data-size-mobile="" data-align="center" data-tablet-image-separate="false" data-mobile-image-separate="false" class="zpimage-container zpimage-align-center zpimage-tablet-align-center zpimage-mobile-align-center zpimage-size-fit zpimage-tablet-fallback-fit zpimage-mobile-fallback-fit hb-lightbox " data-lightbox-options="
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                theme:dark"><figure role="none" class="zpimage-data-ref"><span class="zpimage-anchor" role="link" tabindex="0" aria-label="Open Lightbox" style="cursor:pointer;"><picture><img class="zpimage zpimage-style-none zpimage-space-none " src="/the-eu-artificial-intelligence-act-a-structured-step-toward-trustworthy-ai-itsmf-switzerland-bl.jpg" width="415" height="276.55" loading="lazy" size="fit" alt="direttiva sulla responsabilità da intelligenza artificiale itsmf blog" data-lightbox="true"/></picture></span></figure></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_Uy2drJ_yPLPmFCRoHyz74Q" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_Uy2drJ_yPLPmFCRoHyz74Q"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left zpheading-align-mobile-left zpheading-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true">Background and legislative path of AI act</h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_IXDYbYLLeRo4wQNVxPvAbw" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><p style="text-align:left;"><span><span></span></span></p><div><div><p>After nearly three years of negotiation, the <strong><span>European Union Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act)</span></strong> has become the <span style="background-color:rgb(234, 234, 4);">world’s first comprehensive regulatory framework for artificial intelligence</span>. <span>Initially proposed on <strong><span>April 21, 2021</span></strong>, the Act underwent multiple readings and amendments before final approval by the European Parliament on <strong><span>March 13, 2024</span></strong> (</span><a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52021PC0206"><span>EUR-Lex</span></a><span>).</span></p><p><span><br/></span></p> The Act reflects the EU’s commitment to a <strong>human-centric approach to technology</strong>, balancing innovation with fundamental rights. It aims to establish a <span style="font-weight:bold;">harmonized, risk-based legal framework</span> that ensures AI systems introduced in the European market are <span style="font-weight:bold;">safe, transparent, and compliant</span> with EU values such as privacy, dignity, and fairness. <style>@font-face {}@font-face {}@font-face {}@font-face {}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Liberation Serif", serif }p.MsoBodyText, li.MsoBodyText, div.MsoBodyText { margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 7pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 115%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Liberation Serif", serif }a:link, span.MsoHyperlink { color: navy; text-decoration: underline }a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed { color: rgb(85, 26, 139); text-decoration: underline }span.CorpotestoCarattere { }.MsoChpDefault { font-family: "Liberation Serif", serif }.MsoPapDefault { }div.WordSection1 { page: WordSection1 }</style></div></div><p></p><p></p></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_JjD8tlosrYxfDmn2ItzCcA" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_JjD8tlosrYxfDmn2ItzCcA"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left zpheading-align-mobile-left zpheading-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true">Objectives and scope of the regulation<div><style>@font-face {}@font-face {}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif }.MsoChpDefault { font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif }.MsoPapDefault { margin-bottom: 8pt; line-height: 107% }div.WordSection1 { page: WordSection1 }</style></div></h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_w0Saj7kXqosIO_ZYZm3xVA" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><div><div> The AI Act’s overarching goal is to <span style="font-weight:bold;">guarantee the safety and ethical use of AI</span> while <span style="font-weight:bold;">promoting innovation</span> across the Union. Specifically, it seeks to: <style>@font-face {}@font-face {}@font-face {}@font-face {}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Liberation Serif", serif }.MsoChpDefault { font-family: "Liberation Serif", serif }.MsoPapDefault { }div.WordSection1 { page: WordSection1 }</style></div></div></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_7OdWPenIrnY39RWmlqyVoA" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><ul><li>Ensure that <span style="background-color:rgb(234, 234, 4);">AI systems respect <span style="font-weight:bold;">fundamental rights and European values</span></span>;</li><li>Foster <span style="background-color:rgb(4, 234, 4);"><span style="font-weight:bold;">legal certainty</span> to encourage investment and innovation</span>;</li><li>Strengthen <span style="font-weight:bold;background-color:rgb(244, 244, 78);">governance and oversight mechanisms</span><span style="background-color:rgb(244, 244, 78);"> for AI deployment</span>;</li><li>Promote a <span style="font-weight:bold;">single European market</span> for legitimate, trustworthy AI solutions.</li></ul></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_9r_HIuzzuZXtME_e0toZ2Q" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><p></p><div><p>The law applies to <strong><span>developers, providers, and users</span></strong> of AI systems within the EU, as well as to entities outside the EU whose systems affect EU citizens — mirroring the <span style="background-color:rgb(234, 234, 4);">extraterritorial principle also seen in modern data protection laws</span>.</p><style>@font-face {}@font-face {}@font-face {}@font-face {}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Liberation Serif", serif }p.MsoBodyText, li.MsoBodyText, div.MsoBodyText { margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 7pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 115%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Liberation Serif", serif }span.CorpotestoCarattere { }.MsoChpDefault { font-family: "Liberation Serif", serif }.MsoPapDefault { }div.WordSection1 { page: WordSection1 }</style></div><p></p></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_8FQI4Cjro0v8pKUlqtyp6g" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_8FQI4Cjro0v8pKUlqtyp6g"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left zpheading-align-mobile-left zpheading-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true">A harmonized risk-based framework</h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_YL0X5frm4hbkkpkeEY5h1w" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_YL0X5frm4hbkkpkeEY5h1w"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><div> At the heart of the regulation lies its <span style="font-weight:bold;background-color:rgb(234, 234, 4);">risk-based classification</span><span style="background-color:rgb(234, 234, 4);"> of AI systems</span>.</div><div><br/></div><div>The Act defines AI as “<span style="font-style:italic;background-color:rgb(4, 234, 119);">a machine-based system that operates with varying levels of autonomy and may exhibit adaptiveness after deployment, inferring from inputs how to generate outputs such as predictions, content, or decisions</span>” — a <span style="font-weight:bold;">future-proof definition</span> intended to encompass evolving AI forms.<style>@font-face {}@font-face {}@font-face {}@font-face {}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Liberation Serif", serif }.MsoChpDefault { font-family: "Liberation Serif", serif }.MsoPapDefault { }div.WordSection1 { page: WordSection1 }</style></div></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_JtbCTqrCOfx1rAWrk6Myog" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><div> The regulation distinguishes between <span style="font-weight:bold;">three primary risk categories</span>: <style>@font-face {}@font-face {}@font-face {}@font-face {}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Liberation Serif", serif }.MsoChpDefault { font-family: "Liberation Serif", serif }.MsoPapDefault { }div.WordSection1 { page: WordSection1 }</style></div></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_cz7fZbLJ70hjHlUNc3WCGw" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><div><ol><li><span><strong><span>Unacceptable risk</span></strong> – <span style="background-color:rgb(244, 244, 78);">Systems that pose a clear threat to people's safety or rights</span> are <span style="font-weight:bold;">banned outright</span>. These include AI used for <span style="font-style:italic;background-color:rgb(4, 234, 119);">social scoring</span> (as in China’s credit system), <span style="font-style:italic;background-color:rgb(4, 234, 119);">real-time biometric surveillance</span> in public spaces (except in narrowly defined cases), and <span style="font-style:italic;background-color:rgb(4, 234, 119);">manipulative or exploitative applications</span> targeting vulnerable groups such as minors or disabled persons.</span></li><li><span><strong><span>High risk</span></strong> – <span style="background-color:rgb(234, 234, 4);">Systems that can significantly impact fundamental rights or safety</span> are subject to <span style="font-weight:bold;">strict obligations</span>. Examples include AI used in <span style="font-weight:bold;">critical infrastructure</span>, <span style="font-weight:bold;">education and employment</span>, <span style="font-weight:bold;">law enforcement</span>, <span style="font-weight:bold;">migration</span>, or <span style="font-weight:bold;">judicial administration</span> (Annex III). Developers must perform <span style="font-weight:bold;">conformity assessments</span>, maintain <span style="font-weight:bold;">traceability</span>, and ensure <span style="font-weight:bold;">data quality and transparency</span> throughout the system’s lifecycle.</span></li><li><span><strong><span>Limited and minimal risk</span></strong> – Systems such as chatbots or generative AI tools fall into this category and face <span style="font-weight:bold;">transparency requirements</span> (e.g., disclosing that the <span style="background-color:rgb(244, 244, 78);">user is interacting with an AI</span>, or <span style="background-color:rgb(234, 234, 4);">labeling synthetic content such as <span style="font-style:italic;">deepfakes</span></span>).</span></li></ol></div></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_p13DqRshhogIdB372HDASg" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><div> This graduated approach aims to ensure <span style="font-weight:bold;">proportionate regulation</span>, preventing excessive administrative burden for low-risk AI while tightening controls on high-impact applications. <style>@font-face {}@font-face {}@font-face {}@font-face {}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Liberation Serif", serif }.MsoChpDefault { font-family: "Liberation Serif", serif }.MsoPapDefault { }div.WordSection1 { page: WordSection1 }</style></div></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_XkeJl6amRzDf49OrbufXKQ" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style></style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left zpheading-align-mobile-left zpheading-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true">AI growth led by transparency, privacy and compliance</h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_oMUO_EKxPYre6tJIEJMcPg" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><div><div><p><span>Even for non-high-risk systems, the <span style="background-color:rgb(234, 234, 4);">AI Act encourages providers to adopt <strong><span>voluntary codes of conduct</span></strong></span> addressing values like <span style="background-color:rgb(4, 234, 119);">environmental sustainability, accessibility, and diversity</span>.</span></p><p><span><br/></span></p><p><span>The <span style="background-color:rgb(234, 234, 4);">Act interacts closely with existing data protection laws</span> such as <strong><span>Switzerland’s Federal Act on Data Protection (LPD)</span></strong> and the <strong><span>EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)</span></strong>. While these frameworks primarily safeguard <strong><span>personal data and individual consent</span></strong>, the <span style="background-color:rgb(4, 234, 119);">AI Act takes a <strong><span>systemic approach</span></strong>, addressing <strong><span>collective and ethical risks</span></strong> associated with automated decision-making</span>. Privacy protection remains integral, particularly where AI systems process biometric, behavioral, or sensitive personal data.</span></p><p><span><br/></span></p><p><span>Privacy protection appears explicitly in <strong><span>Chapter X</span></strong>, where the Act underscores the human factor as a persistent challenge.</span></p><p><span><br/></span></p><p><span>The regulation also underscores the importance of <strong><span>human oversight</span></strong> and <strong><span>accountability</span></strong> in AI operations. <span style="background-color:rgb(234, 234, 4);">Human judgment remains essential to interpret AI outputs, detect bias, and prevent misuse</span> — a reminder that compliance cannot rely solely on technical safeguards.</span></p><p><span><br/></span></p> Notably, the AI Act specifies that anonymized or aggregated data, as referenced for instance in OpenAI’s <a href="https://openai.com/policies/data-processing-addendum" title="Data Processing Addendum" rel="">Data Processing Addendum</a>, must still be handled with caution to avoid potential re-identification and ensure adherence to applicable data protection standards. <style>@font-face {}@font-face {}@font-face {}@font-face {}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Liberation Serif", serif }p.MsoBodyText, li.MsoBodyText, div.MsoBodyText { margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 7pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 115%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Liberation Serif", serif }a:link, span.MsoHyperlink { color: navy; text-decoration: underline }a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed { color: rgb(85, 26, 139); text-decoration: underline }span.CorpotestoCarattere { }.MsoChpDefault { font-family: "Liberation Serif", serif }.MsoPapDefault { }div.WordSection1 { page: WordSection1 }</style></div></div></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_9fdxSRyb-tUAl_doEt1PYA" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style></style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left zpheading-align-mobile-left zpheading-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true">AI Act enforcement and penalties</h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_Q0E91dgAckmSU6VtFuWhHg" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><div><p><span>The AI Act introduces <strong><span>significant financial sanctions</span></strong> for non-compliance, modeled partly after the GDPR. Depending on the violation, penalties can reach up to <strong><span>€35 million or 7% of global annual turnover</span></strong> for prohibited practices, <strong><span>€15 million or 3%</span></strong> for breaches of obligations, and <strong><span>€7.5 million or 1.5%</span></strong> for providing misleading information to authorities.</span></p><p><span><br/></span></p> Supervisory authorities will be empowered to <span style="font-weight:bold;">issue warnings, suspend systems, or prohibit market access</span> if risks are not adequately mitigated. This structure complements, rather than replaces, national laws like the <span style="font-weight:bold;">LPD (FADP)</span>, which remain the cornerstone for personal data protection within Switzerland’s jurisdiction. <style>@font-face {}@font-face {}@font-face {}@font-face {}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Liberation Serif", serif }p.MsoBodyText, li.MsoBodyText, div.MsoBodyText { margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 7pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 115%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Liberation Serif", serif }span.CorpotestoCarattere { }.MsoChpDefault { font-family: "Liberation Serif", serif }.MsoPapDefault { }div.WordSection1 { page: WordSection1 }</style></div></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_n4lyesZ9O1vRM3RKcM_v2w" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style></style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left zpheading-align-mobile-left zpheading-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true">Fostering innovation: regulatory sandboxes</h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_mY2YKO7wTU770jhqGkRTyQ" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><div><p><span>Recognizing the need to balance compliance with innovation, the Act establishes <strong><span>Regulatory Sandboxes</span></strong> — controlled environments that allow AI developers, particularly <strong><span>startups and SMEs</span></strong>, to test systems under regulatory supervision before full deployment.</span></p><p><span><br/></span></p> This approach aims to <span style="font-weight:bold;">lower entry barriers</span> for smaller entities while ensuring alignment with safety and ethics standards. It embodies the EU’s vision of <span style="font-style:italic;">responsible innovation</span> — where progress is guided, not constrained, by regulation. <style>@font-face {}@font-face {}@font-face {}@font-face {}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Liberation Serif", serif }p.MsoBodyText, li.MsoBodyText, div.MsoBodyText { margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 7pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 115%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Liberation Serif", serif }span.CorpotestoCarattere { }.MsoChpDefault { font-family: "Liberation Serif", serif }.MsoPapDefault { }div.WordSection1 { page: WordSection1 }</style></div></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_Nzk_nPDZ0NKgKUSu1SwG7Q" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style></style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left zpheading-align-mobile-left zpheading-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true">What to expect</h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_gjlahIlItt0etGhcfW69Sw" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><div><p><span>As the AI Act enters into force, Europe — <span style="background-color:rgb(234, 234, 4);">and by extension, Switzerland, through market interoperability</span> — faces a new era of AI governance. The coming years will likely bring <strong><span>adjustments, refinements, and resistance</span></strong>, as organizations learn to align innovation strategies with compliance obligations.</span></p><p><span><br/></span></p><p><span>Over time, however, the framework could <strong><span>strengthen public trust in AI</span></strong> and encourage the development of transparent, human-centered systems. For businesses and institutions, success will depend on <span style="background-color:rgb(234, 234, 4);">how effectively they integrate <strong><span>ethical awareness</span></strong> into technological design and governance</span>.</span></p> In this sense, the AI Act may represent not only a legal milestone but also the foundation of a <span style="font-weight:bold;">new digital social contract</span> — one that defines how humans and intelligent machines can coexist responsibly in the years ahead.</div><div><span style="font-weight:bold;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="font-weight:bold;">Author: Mattia Munari</span>&nbsp;</div><div><style>@font-face {}@font-face {}@font-face {}@font-face {}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Liberation Serif", serif }p.MsoBodyText, li.MsoBodyText, div.MsoBodyText { margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 7pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 115%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Liberation Serif", serif }span.CorpotestoCarattere { }.MsoChpDefault { font-family: "Liberation Serif", serif }.MsoPapDefault { }div.WordSection1 { page: WordSection1 }</style></div></div>
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</div></div></div></div></div></div> ]]></content:encoded><pubDate>Wed, 26 Nov 2025 07:00:00 +0100</pubDate></item><item><title><![CDATA[Software as a Medical Device (SaaMD): artificial intelligence and innovation]]></title><link>https://www.itsmf.ch/blogs/post/software-as-a-medical-device-saamd-artificial-intelligence-and-innovation</link><description><![CDATA[<img align="left" hspace="5" src="https://www.itsmf.ch/software-as-a-medical-device-saamd-artificial-intelligence-and-innovation-itsmf-switzerland-blo.png"/>Software as a Medical Device (SaaMD) can take advantage of AI and innovation: but how we can manage the development to products in compliance with regulation?]]></description><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="zpcontent-container blogpost-container "><div data-element-id="elm_eaocCKUWRQWj8hdYP5pfdA" data-element-type="section" class="zpsection "><style type="text/css"> [data-element-id="elm_eaocCKUWRQWj8hdYP5pfdA"].zpsection{ border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zpcontainer-fluid zpcontainer"><div data-element-id="elm_EZDc8gx4R1GuKfHeKhZ2iw" data-element-type="row" class="zprow zprow-container zpalign-items-flex-start zpjustify-content- " data-equal-column="false"><style type="text/css"> [data-element-id="elm_EZDc8gx4R1GuKfHeKhZ2iw"].zprow{ border-radius:1px; } </style><div data-element-id="elm_PC-fd0JiQGy9ODIQOJc_6g" data-element-type="column" class="zpelem-col zpcol-12 zpcol-md-8 zpcol-sm-12 zpalign-self- "><style type="text/css"> [data-element-id="elm_PC-fd0JiQGy9ODIQOJc_6g"].zpelem-col{ border-radius:1px; } </style><div data-element-id="elm_DmKi1zQzpSrBY7HijFo4iw" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_DmKi1zQzpSrBY7HijFo4iw"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><p><span style="font-style:italic;">Reading time: ~ 2 min.</span><br/></p></div>
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                type:fullscreen,
                theme:dark"><figure role="none" class="zpimage-data-ref"><span class="zpimage-anchor" role="link" tabindex="0" aria-label="Open Lightbox" style="cursor:pointer;"><picture><img class="zpimage zpimage-style-none zpimage-space-none " src="/software-as-a-medical-device-saamd-artificial-intelligence-and-innovation.jpg" width="415" height="276.55" loading="lazy" size="fit" alt="direttiva sulla responsabilità da intelligenza artificiale itsmf blog" data-lightbox="true"/></picture></span></figure></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_Uy2drJ_yPLPmFCRoHyz74Q" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_Uy2drJ_yPLPmFCRoHyz74Q"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left zpheading-align-mobile-left zpheading-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true">Software as a Medical Device (SaaMD): how to manage the requirements set by regulations?</h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_MA7yDYFPfnWBQlmFKNXRhQ" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_MA7yDYFPfnWBQlmFKNXRhQ"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; margin-block-start:14px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><div><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:1.5;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:1;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:16px;">We already had a look at <span style="font-weight:bold;">Software as a Medical Device</span>&nbsp;on our previous posts – here with a point of vue about <a href="https://www.itsmf.ch/blogs/post/the-eu-regulation-745-2017-on-medical-devices" title="data protection" rel="">data protection</a> – and today we focus once again on <span style="background-color:rgb(234, 234, 4);">SaaMD considering in particular innovation management and AI implementation</span> related to this industry.</span></div><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:16px;">The production of medical devices can take advantage of the incredibile innovation brought by technology, but needs also to <span style="background-color:rgb(4, 234, 119);">manage this development according to solid guidelines</span> (as the ones delineated in <span style="font-weight:bold;">ISO 56002 standard</span> that can be applied to).</span></div><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:16px;">More and more software (SW) that&nbsp;</span><span>are <span style="font-weight:bold;">classified as medical devices</span> pursuant to the <span style="background-color:rgb(234, 234, 4);">EU MDR&nbsp;<span><span>2017/745</span></span></span>&nbsp;– see also the «<span style="font-weight:bold;">MDCG 2019-11</span> Guidance on Qualification and Classification of Software in Regulation (EU) 2017/745 - <span style="font-weight:bold;">MDR</span> and Regulation (EU) 2017/746 - <span style="font-weight:bold;">IVDR</span>» – <span style="background-color:rgb(4, 234, 119);">embed innovative solutions based on Artificial Intelligence</span>.</span></div></div></div></div><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:2;"></div>
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</div></div></div></div></div><span style="font-size:18px;"><span style="color:inherit;"><span style="font-size:11pt;"><span style="color:inherit;"><span style="font-size:11pt;"></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<p></p><p></p><p></p></div></div><div data-element-id="elm_h3OHeYuicUNn5HR2n6i8yA" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style></style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left zpheading-align-mobile-left zpheading-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true">The AI compliance with EU 2024/1689 regulation</h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_Yx3a56kCMzX919HtDWgYDA" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><div><div style="text-align:left;">Hence the need to manage <span style="background-color:rgb(234, 234, 4);">compliance</span><span><span><span><span style="background-color:rgb(234, 234, 4);">&nbsp;with the requirements set by the Regulation EU 24/1689</span> (commonly known as «AI Act») <span style="font-weight:bold;">throughout the SW development cycle</span> according to the <span style="background-color:rgb(4, 234, 119);">IEC 62304: 2006 standard</span> «Software for medical devices - Software life cycle processes » </span></span><br/></span></div><div style="text-align:left;"><p><span><br/></span></p><p><span>The implementation of an <span style="font-weight:bold;">Artificial Intelligence Management System</span> according to the <span style="background-color:rgb(234, 234, 4);">ISO 42001 standard</span> supports effectively the development of innovative AI-based solutions also in the medical device industry; it can be also integrated with the following management systems:</span></p></div></div>
</div></div><div data-element-id="elm_np3PtiW99ENiUWE2oiYL8Q" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><ul><li><div><p style="text-align:justify;"><span><span style="font-weight:bold;">ISO 13485 standard</span> on «quality in the medical device sector»</span></p></div></li><li><div><p style="text-align:justify;"><span><span style="font-weight:bold;">ISO 20000-1 standard</span> on «IT Services»</span></p></div></li><li><div><p style="text-align:justify;"><span><span style="font-weight:bold;">ISO 27001 standard</span> on «Information security and data protection requirements» (GDPR).</span></p></div></li></ul></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_8FQI4Cjro0v8pKUlqtyp6g" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_8FQI4Cjro0v8pKUlqtyp6g"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left zpheading-align-mobile-left zpheading-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true">Our infographic on SaaMD related regulations and applicable ISO standards</h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_YL0X5frm4hbkkpkeEY5h1w" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_YL0X5frm4hbkkpkeEY5h1w"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><p>To better figure out&nbsp; the «<span style="font-weight:bold;">big picture</span>» about the requirements set by regulations on SaaMD and the correlated ISO standards, take a look at our infographic:<br/></p></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_GJ3NT9jCQU0ivFXDnpKrvQ" data-element-type="image" class="zpelement zpelem-image "><style> @media (min-width: 992px) { [data-element-id="elm_GJ3NT9jCQU0ivFXDnpKrvQ"] .zpimage-container figure img { width: 703px ; height: 527.25px ; } } @media (max-width: 991px) and (min-width: 768px) { [data-element-id="elm_GJ3NT9jCQU0ivFXDnpKrvQ"] .zpimage-container figure img { width:723px ; height:542.25px ; } } @media (max-width: 767px) { [data-element-id="elm_GJ3NT9jCQU0ivFXDnpKrvQ"] .zpimage-container figure img { width:415px ; height:311.25px ; } } [data-element-id="elm_GJ3NT9jCQU0ivFXDnpKrvQ"].zpelem-image { border-radius:1px; } </style><div data-caption-color="" data-size-tablet="" data-size-mobile="" data-align="center" data-tablet-image-separate="false" data-mobile-image-separate="false" class="zpimage-container zpimage-align-center zpimage-tablet-align-center zpimage-mobile-align-center zpimage-size-fit zpimage-tablet-fallback-fit zpimage-mobile-fallback-fit hb-lightbox " data-lightbox-options="
                type:fullscreen,
                theme:dark"><figure role="none" class="zpimage-data-ref"><span class="zpimage-anchor" role="link" tabindex="0" aria-label="Open Lightbox" style="cursor:pointer;"><picture><img class="zpimage zpimage-style-none zpimage-space-none " src="/medical-devices-iso-42001-main-related-compliance-requirements-iso-13485-20000-1-27001-itsmf-sw.png" width="415" height="311.25" loading="lazy" size="fit" data-lightbox="true"/></picture></span><figcaption class="zpimage-caption zpimage-caption-align-center"><span class="zpimage-caption-content">By Andrea Leonardi (Minerva Group Service, Alpemi Consulting &amp; itSMF Swizerland board member).</span></figcaption></figure></div>
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</div></div></div></div></div></div> ]]></content:encoded><pubDate>Wed, 23 Jul 2025 07:00:00 +0200</pubDate></item><item><title><![CDATA[The AI risk management according to the ISO/IEC 23894 standard]]></title><link>https://www.itsmf.ch/blogs/post/ai-risk-management-the-iso-iec-23894-and</link><description><![CDATA[<img align="left" hspace="5" src="https://www.itsmf.ch/the-ai-risk-management-according-to-the-iso-iec-23894-standard-itsmf-switzerland-blog.png"/>The ISO/IEC 23894 standard provides guidelines for managing risks related to Artificial Intelligence for organizations that develop or use AI systems.]]></description><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="zpcontent-container blogpost-container "><div data-element-id="elm_eaocCKUWRQWj8hdYP5pfdA" data-element-type="section" class="zpsection "><style type="text/css"> [data-element-id="elm_eaocCKUWRQWj8hdYP5pfdA"].zpsection{ border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zpcontainer-fluid zpcontainer"><div data-element-id="elm_EZDc8gx4R1GuKfHeKhZ2iw" data-element-type="row" class="zprow zprow-container zpalign-items-flex-start zpjustify-content- " data-equal-column="false"><style type="text/css"> [data-element-id="elm_EZDc8gx4R1GuKfHeKhZ2iw"].zprow{ border-radius:1px; } </style><div data-element-id="elm_PC-fd0JiQGy9ODIQOJc_6g" data-element-type="column" class="zpelem-col zpcol-12 zpcol-md-8 zpcol-sm-12 zpalign-self- "><style type="text/css"> [data-element-id="elm_PC-fd0JiQGy9ODIQOJc_6g"].zpelem-col{ border-radius:1px; } </style><div data-element-id="elm_DmKi1zQzpSrBY7HijFo4iw" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_DmKi1zQzpSrBY7HijFo4iw"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><p><span style="font-style:italic;">Reading time: ~ 3 min.</span><br/></p></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_2qjBSAuRzQlWAQ9It7Qvyg" data-element-type="image" class="zpelement zpelem-image "><style> @media (min-width: 992px) { [data-element-id="elm_2qjBSAuRzQlWAQ9It7Qvyg"] .zpimage-container figure img { width: 703px ; height: 468.85px ; } } @media (max-width: 991px) and (min-width: 768px) { [data-element-id="elm_2qjBSAuRzQlWAQ9It7Qvyg"] .zpimage-container figure img { width:723px ; height:481.80px ; } } @media (max-width: 767px) { [data-element-id="elm_2qjBSAuRzQlWAQ9It7Qvyg"] .zpimage-container figure img { width:415px ; height:276.55px ; } } [data-element-id="elm_2qjBSAuRzQlWAQ9It7Qvyg"].zpelem-image { border-radius:1px; } </style><div data-caption-color="" data-size-tablet="" data-size-mobile="" data-align="center" data-tablet-image-separate="false" data-mobile-image-separate="false" class="zpimage-container zpimage-align-center zpimage-tablet-align-center zpimage-mobile-align-center zpimage-size-fit zpimage-tablet-fallback-fit zpimage-mobile-fallback-fit hb-lightbox " data-lightbox-options="
                type:fullscreen,
                theme:dark"><figure role="none" class="zpimage-data-ref"><span class="zpimage-anchor" role="link" tabindex="0" aria-label="Open Lightbox" style="cursor:pointer;"><picture><img class="zpimage zpimage-style-none zpimage-space-none " src="/the-ai-risk-management-according-to-the-iso-iec-23894-standard.jpg" width="415" height="276.55" loading="lazy" size="fit" alt="direttiva sulla responsabilità da intelligenza artificiale itsmf blog" data-lightbox="true"/></picture></span></figure></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_Uy2drJ_yPLPmFCRoHyz74Q" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_Uy2drJ_yPLPmFCRoHyz74Q"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left zpheading-align-mobile-left zpheading-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true">ISO/IEC 23894 standard: the risk management of artificial intelligence (AI)</h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_MA7yDYFPfnWBQlmFKNXRhQ" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_MA7yDYFPfnWBQlmFKNXRhQ"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; margin-block-start:14px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><div><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:1.5;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:1;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:16px;">The <span style="font-weight:bold;">ISO/IEC 23894:2023 standard</span> on «<span><span>Information technology — Artificial intelligence — Guidance on risk management</span></span>» provides an effective guidance for <span style="background-color:rgb(4, 234, 119);">risk management related to Artificial Intelligence (AI)</span> for all kind of organizations that:</span></div><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><ul><li style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="background-color:rgb(234, 234, 4);">develop</span></span></li><li style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="background-color:rgb(234, 234, 4);">produce</span></span></li><li style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="background-color:rgb(234, 234, 4);">deploy</span></span></li><li style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="background-color:rgb(234, 234, 4);">use</span></span></li></ul></div><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:16px;">AI-based products, systems or even services.</span></div><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:16px;">This standard is useful also to help organizations to <span style="font-weight:bold;">integrate risk management into their AI-related activities and functions</span>. It provides a description of the processes needed for the effective implementation and integration of AI risk management.</span></div></div>
</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>
</div></div></div><p><span></span></p></div></div></div></div><span style="font-size:18px;"><span style="color:inherit;"><span style="font-size:11pt;"></span></span></span></div>
</div></div><div data-element-id="elm_JjD8tlosrYxfDmn2ItzCcA" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_JjD8tlosrYxfDmn2ItzCcA"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left zpheading-align-mobile-left zpheading-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true">The ISO/IEC 23894:2023 standard structure<br/></h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_w0Saj7kXqosIO_ZYZm3xVA" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><p>The ISO/IEC 23894:2023 standard has <span style="font-weight:bold;">6 main chapters</span> and <span style="font-weight:bold;">3 «ANNEX»</span> (A, B and C). This is an overview on its structure:<br/></p></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_0EM9xl27-pyBfK3z_f0NAA" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><ul><li>Chapter 1: scope</li><li>Chapter 2: normative reference</li><li>Chapter 3: terms and definitions</li><ul></ul></ul></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_r5FqyM-29hHk8vrpnAx40A" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><ul><li><span style="font-family:&quot;Open Sans&quot;;font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;background-color:rgb(234, 234, 4);">Chapter 4: principles of AI risk management</span></li><li><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;font-family:&quot;Open Sans&quot;;background-color:rgb(234, 234, 4);">Chapter 5: framework</span></span></li><ul><li><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:&quot;Open Sans&quot;;"></span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Open Sans&quot;;font-size:16px;">5.1 General</span></li><li><span style="font-family:&quot;Open Sans&quot;;font-size:16px;">5.2 Leadership</span></li><li><span style="font-family:&quot;Open Sans&quot;;font-size:16px;">5.3 Integration</span></li><li><span style="font-family:&quot;Open Sans&quot;;font-size:16px;">5.4 Design</span></li><li><span style="font-family:&quot;Open Sans&quot;;font-size:16px;">5.5 Implementation</span></li><li><span style="font-family:&quot;Open Sans&quot;;font-size:16px;">5.6 Evaluation</span></li><li><span style="font-family:&quot;Open Sans&quot;;font-size:16px;">5.7 Improvement</span></li></ul><li><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;font-family:&quot;Open Sans&quot;;background-color:rgb(234, 234, 4);">Chapter 6: Risk management process</span></span></li><ul><li><span style="font-family:&quot;Open Sans&quot;;font-size:16px;">6.1 General</span></li><li><span style="font-family:&quot;Open Sans&quot;;font-size:16px;">6.2 Communication and consultation</span></li><li><span style="font-family:&quot;Open Sans&quot;;font-size:16px;">6.3 Scope, context and criteria</span></li><li><span style="font-family:&quot;Open Sans&quot;;font-size:16px;">6.4 Risk assessment</span></li><li><span style="font-family:&quot;Open Sans&quot;;font-size:16px;">6.5 Risk treatment</span></li><li><span style="font-family:&quot;Open Sans&quot;;">6.6 Monitoring and review</span></li><li><span style="font-family:&quot;Open Sans&quot;;">6.7 Recording and reporting</span></li></ul><ul></ul></ul></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_ZKJO26Elxt0efYtAIWr7Hg" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><div><ul><li><span style="font-weight:bold;">Annex A (information)</span> common AI-related objectives</li><li><span style="font-weight:bold;">Annex B (information)</span>&nbsp;common AI-related risk sources</li><li><span style="font-weight:bold;">Annex C (information)</span> Risk management and AI System life cycle;&nbsp;<span>it provides an example mapping between the risk management processes and an AI system life cycle.</span></li></ul></div>
</div></div><div data-element-id="elm_8FQI4Cjro0v8pKUlqtyp6g" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_8FQI4Cjro0v8pKUlqtyp6g"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left zpheading-align-mobile-left zpheading-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true">Our infographic on ISO/IEC 23894:2023 standard<br/></h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_YL0X5frm4hbkkpkeEY5h1w" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_YL0X5frm4hbkkpkeEY5h1w"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><p>To better figure out&nbsp; the «<span style="font-weight:bold;">big picture</span>» on the ISO 23894 standard, take a look at our infographic:<br/></p></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_GJ3NT9jCQU0ivFXDnpKrvQ" data-element-type="image" class="zpelement zpelem-image "><style> @media (min-width: 992px) { [data-element-id="elm_GJ3NT9jCQU0ivFXDnpKrvQ"] .zpimage-container figure img { width: 703px ; height: 527.25px ; } } @media (max-width: 991px) and (min-width: 768px) { [data-element-id="elm_GJ3NT9jCQU0ivFXDnpKrvQ"] .zpimage-container figure img { width:723px ; height:542.25px ; } } @media (max-width: 767px) { [data-element-id="elm_GJ3NT9jCQU0ivFXDnpKrvQ"] .zpimage-container figure img { width:415px ; height:311.25px ; } } [data-element-id="elm_GJ3NT9jCQU0ivFXDnpKrvQ"].zpelem-image { border-radius:1px; } </style><div data-caption-color="" data-size-tablet="" data-size-mobile="" data-align="center" data-tablet-image-separate="false" data-mobile-image-separate="false" class="zpimage-container zpimage-align-center zpimage-tablet-align-center zpimage-mobile-align-center zpimage-size-fit zpimage-tablet-fallback-fit zpimage-mobile-fallback-fit hb-lightbox " data-lightbox-options="
                type:fullscreen,
                theme:dark"><figure role="none" class="zpimage-data-ref"><span class="zpimage-anchor" role="link" tabindex="0" aria-label="Open Lightbox" style="cursor:pointer;"><picture><img class="zpimage zpimage-style-none zpimage-space-none " src="/iso-23894-standard-risk-management-for-artificial-intelligence-itsmf-switzerland-blog-andrea-le.png" width="415" height="311.25" loading="lazy" size="fit" data-lightbox="true"/></picture></span><figcaption class="zpimage-caption zpimage-caption-align-center"><span class="zpimage-caption-content">By Andrea Leonardi (Minerva Group Service, Alpemi Consulting &amp; itSMF Swizerland board member).</span></figcaption></figure></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_NCysw_SPKkijOWxYUCm9VQ" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style></style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left zpheading-align-mobile-left zpheading-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true">The ISO 23894 standard and the main references</h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_GUA7WUoXO4ViYx190wpXxA" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><p></p><div><p style="text-align:justify;"><span>The ISO 23894 standard is not only referred to by <span style="font-weight:bold;">ISO 31000:2018</span>. We find references to this guidance also on&nbsp;<span><a href="https://www.itsmf.ch/blogs/post/the-management-systems-for-artificial-intelligence-according-to-iso-42001-2023" rel="">ISO 42001 standard</a> on «Management Systems for Artificial Intelligence»</span></span></p></div><p></p></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_gvUor667ON72EJTjHY_0nQ" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><div>If we take a look at the <span style="background-color:rgb(234, 234, 4);">EU Regulation 2024/1689</span> (known as «EU Artificial Intelligence Act) we find some correlations between it and the ISO 23894 standard.</div></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_hHpQNoDx88mvUsX2WAKThg" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_hHpQNoDx88mvUsX2WAKThg"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;line-height:1.5;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;line-height:2;"><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><span></span></span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span>If you want to keep you up-to-date with the most recent news on this topic, don't forget to subscribe to our newsletter: you will get a monthly update with the most relevant and valuable content from our experts!</span></span></div>
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</div></div></div></div></div></div> ]]></content:encoded><pubDate>Wed, 25 Jun 2025 07:00:00 +0200</pubDate></item><item><title><![CDATA[The management systems for artificial intelligence ISO 42001:2023 and risk treatment according the Annex A]]></title><link>https://www.itsmf.ch/blogs/post/the-management-systems-for-artificial-intelligence-iso-42001-2023-and-risk-treatment-according-the-a</link><description><![CDATA[<img align="left" hspace="5" src="https://www.itsmf.ch/Information-technology-artificial-intelligecen-management-system-ISO-42001-2023-annex-a-referen-2.jpg"/>The ISO 42001:2023 standard Annex A provides a series of objective controls and operational controls that organizations can apply to address risks related to AI systems.]]></description><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="zpcontent-container blogpost-container "><div data-element-id="elm_eaocCKUWRQWj8hdYP5pfdA" data-element-type="section" class="zpsection "><style type="text/css"> [data-element-id="elm_eaocCKUWRQWj8hdYP5pfdA"].zpsection{ border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zpcontainer-fluid zpcontainer"><div data-element-id="elm_EZDc8gx4R1GuKfHeKhZ2iw" data-element-type="row" class="zprow zprow-container zpalign-items-flex-start zpjustify-content- " data-equal-column="false"><style type="text/css"> [data-element-id="elm_EZDc8gx4R1GuKfHeKhZ2iw"].zprow{ border-radius:1px; } </style><div data-element-id="elm_PC-fd0JiQGy9ODIQOJc_6g" data-element-type="column" class="zpelem-col zpcol-12 zpcol-md-8 zpcol-sm-12 zpalign-self- "><style type="text/css"> [data-element-id="elm_PC-fd0JiQGy9ODIQOJc_6g"].zpelem-col{ border-radius:1px; } </style><div data-element-id="elm_DmKi1zQzpSrBY7HijFo4iw" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_DmKi1zQzpSrBY7HijFo4iw"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><p><span style="font-style:italic;">Reading time: ~ 2 min.</span><br/></p></div>
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                type:fullscreen,
                theme:dark"><figure role="none" class="zpimage-data-ref"><span class="zpimage-anchor" role="link" tabindex="0" aria-label="Open Lightbox" style="cursor:pointer;"><picture><img class="zpimage zpimage-style-none zpimage-space-none " src="/Information-technology-artificial-intelligecen-management-system-ISO-42001-2023-annex-a-referen.jpg" width="415" height="276.55" loading="lazy" size="fit" alt="direttiva sulla responsabilità da intelligenza artificiale itsmf blog" data-lightbox="true"/></picture></span></figure></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_Uy2drJ_yPLPmFCRoHyz74Q" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_Uy2drJ_yPLPmFCRoHyz74Q"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left zpheading-align-mobile-left zpheading-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true">The management systems for AI and risk treatment: the ISO 42001 standard<br/></h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_MA7yDYFPfnWBQlmFKNXRhQ" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_MA7yDYFPfnWBQlmFKNXRhQ"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; margin-block-start:14px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><div><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:1.5;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:1;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:16px;">In our previous post, we <a href="https://www.itsmf.ch/blogs/post/the-management-systems-for-artificial-intelligence-according-to-iso-42001-2023" title="took a look at the ISO 42001:2023 standard" rel="">took a look at the ISO 42001:2023 standard</a> focusing on the <span style="font-weight:bold;">tools</span> that <span style="font-weight:bold;">organizations can use</span> to implement security, protection, equity, transparency and data quality for AI based products or services.</span></div><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:16px;">Today we're going to consider in particular the «<span style="font-weight:bold;">Annex A</span>» of the latest version of the ISO standard on management systems for AI: the document reports a series of <span style="background-color:rgb(234, 234, 4);">control objectives and operational controls that as an organization we can apply to address risks</span>.<br/></span></div></div></div></div>
</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>
</div></div><p style="text-align:left;"></p><p><span></span><span></span></p><div><div style="line-height:2;"></div>
</div></div></div></div></div><span style="font-size:18px;"><span style="color:inherit;"><span style="font-size:11pt;"><span style="color:inherit;"><span style="font-size:11pt;"></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<p></p><p></p><p></p></div></div><div data-element-id="elm_JjD8tlosrYxfDmn2ItzCcA" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_JjD8tlosrYxfDmn2ItzCcA"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left zpheading-align-mobile-left zpheading-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true">The ISO 42001 standard and the Annex A: control objectives and operational controls<br/></h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_KiIuPQ4kfJBwqS4N9F3DIA" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_KiIuPQ4kfJBwqS4N9F3DIA"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><div style="line-height:2;"><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">On the ISO/IEC 42001:2023 standard «<span style="font-weight:bold;">ANNEX A</span>» we have a series of controls objectives and operational controls useful to support an organization that needs to <span style="background-color:rgb(4, 234, 119);">manage and mitigate AI systems related risks</span> (risk treatment and management).</span></p><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><br/></span></p><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">This is the structure of the Annex A:<br/></span></p></div>
</div></div><div data-element-id="elm_JNJmU_Jq9pXTRyltbq6Eqg" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><ul><li><span style="color:inherit;font-size:16px;font-family:&quot;Open Sans&quot;;"><span>A.2 «<span style="font-weight:bold;">Policies related to AI</span>»</span></span></li><li><span style="color:inherit;font-size:16px;font-family:&quot;Open Sans&quot;;"><span>A.3 «<span style="font-weight:bold;">Internal Organization</span>»</span></span></li><li><span style="color:inherit;font-size:16px;font-family:&quot;Open Sans&quot;;"><span>A.4 «<span style="font-weight:bold;">Resources for AI Systems</span>»</span></span></li><li><span style="color:inherit;font-size:16px;font-family:&quot;Open Sans&quot;;"><span>A.5 «<span style="font-weight:bold;">Assessing Impact of AI Systems</span>»</span></span></li><li><span style="color:inherit;font-size:16px;font-family:&quot;Open Sans&quot;;"><span>A.6 «<span style="font-weight:bold;">AI System Life Cycle</span>»</span></span></li><li><span style="color:inherit;font-size:16px;font-family:&quot;Open Sans&quot;;"><span>A.7 «<span style="font-weight:bold;">Data for AI System</span>»</span></span></li><li><span style="color:inherit;font-size:16px;font-family:&quot;Open Sans&quot;;"><span>A.8 «<span style="font-weight:bold;">Information for parties interested in AI systems</span>»</span></span></li><li><span style="color:inherit;font-size:16px;font-family:&quot;Open Sans&quot;;"><span>A.9 «<span style="font-weight:bold;">Use of AI systems</span>»</span></span></li><li><span style="color:inherit;font-size:16px;font-family:&quot;Open Sans&quot;;"><span>A.10 «<span style="font-weight:bold;">Third parties and customer relationships</span>».</span></span></li></ul></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_GJ3NT9jCQU0ivFXDnpKrvQ" data-element-type="image" class="zpelement zpelem-image "><style> @media (min-width: 992px) { [data-element-id="elm_GJ3NT9jCQU0ivFXDnpKrvQ"] .zpimage-container figure img { width: 703px ; height: 527.25px ; } } @media (max-width: 991px) and (min-width: 768px) { [data-element-id="elm_GJ3NT9jCQU0ivFXDnpKrvQ"] .zpimage-container figure img { width:723px ; height:542.25px ; } } @media (max-width: 767px) { [data-element-id="elm_GJ3NT9jCQU0ivFXDnpKrvQ"] .zpimage-container figure img { width:415px ; height:311.25px ; } } [data-element-id="elm_GJ3NT9jCQU0ivFXDnpKrvQ"].zpelem-image { border-radius:1px; } </style><div data-caption-color="" data-size-tablet="" data-size-mobile="" data-align="center" data-tablet-image-separate="false" data-mobile-image-separate="false" class="zpimage-container zpimage-align-center zpimage-tablet-align-center zpimage-mobile-align-center zpimage-size-fit zpimage-tablet-fallback-fit zpimage-mobile-fallback-fit hb-lightbox " data-lightbox-options="
                type:fullscreen,
                theme:dark"><figure role="none" class="zpimage-data-ref"><span class="zpimage-anchor" role="link" tabindex="0" aria-label="Open Lightbox" style="cursor:pointer;"><picture><img class="zpimage zpimage-style-none zpimage-space-none " src="/Information-technology-artificial-intelligecen-management-system-ISO-42001-2023-annex-a-referen-1.jpg" width="415" height="311.25" loading="lazy" size="fit" data-lightbox="true"/></picture></span><figcaption class="zpimage-caption zpimage-caption-align-center"><span class="zpimage-caption-content">By Andrea Leonardi (Minerva Group Service, Alpemi Consulting &amp; itSMF Swizerland board member).</span></figcaption></figure></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_S8e2Q4KAbLKElVU3ftTvgQ" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><p>In the nex lines, let's have a quick overview on the controls, one by one.<br/></p></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_ns25rqvaKMfuNCKZrpxmAw" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style></style><h3
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left zpheading-align-mobile-left zpheading-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true">Annex A, Control A.2 «Policies related to AI»<br/></h3></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_LrAHmpwwKmLy1vcrY9L50A" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><p>According to the ISO 42001 standard control A.2, the <span style="font-weight:bold;">policy for AI</span> systems development and use is the <span style="font-weight:bold;">pillar</span> on the approach that&nbsp; an organization can adopt for AI governance.<br/></p><p></p></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_qDH81Fk_es6T3FWKTQhOdw" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style></style><h3
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left zpheading-align-mobile-left zpheading-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><h3>Annex A, Control A.3 «Internal organization»</h3></div></h3></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_ihkOmchFdIGvnGq3DMAISQ" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><p>The control A.3 is focused on the requirement for an organization to define and allocate teams or professionals (<span style="font-weight:bold;">role and responsability</span>) in charge of the <span style="font-weight:bold;">oversight</span> of every aspects of AI system management. <br/></p></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_TpQECVNuoVRrOq4NRahfWg" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style></style><h3
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left zpheading-align-mobile-left zpheading-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><h3>Annex A, Control A.4 «Resources for AI systems»</h3></div></h3></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_v9WmsijAjXyVjG0sZr91pw" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><p>The control A.4 sets the need to <span style="font-weight:bold;">identify and document every AI system essential resource</span>, such as data, tools, computing resources and team expertise.</p></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_5qzuL874QVkUMvgT8NKe3Q" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style></style><h3
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left zpheading-align-mobile-left zpheading-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><h3>Annex A, Control A.5 «Assessing impact of AI systems»</h3></div></h3></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_oNm3azAxnPhY4Ae-k-qi6A" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true">The control A.5 is focused on the need to identify, analyse, evalute and treat the <span style="font-weight:bold;">AI system impacts on individuals and the society</span>, adopting a well structured approach for the <span style="font-weight:bold;">assessment</span>.<br/></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_8PQyiUAUn3gZUfAQwQeE0w" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style></style><h3
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left zpheading-align-mobile-left zpheading-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><h3>Annex A, Control A.6 «AI system Life Cycle»</h3></div></h3></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_A29y1NFRwnkX891cvbR8nQ" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><p>According to the Annex A control A.6, the <span style="font-weight:bold;">every stage of AI system life cycle</span> has to be managed through an approach (framework) that helps to ensure <span style="font-weight:bold;">responsability and effectiveness</span> on design, implementation and use of AI system.<br/></p><p></p></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_z3Xnuge-wCR_B59WiGlYwA" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style></style><h3
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left zpheading-align-mobile-left zpheading-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><h3>Annex A, Control A.7 «Data for AI sytem»</h3></div></h3></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_BOKsTDmuo-e4LfkiiyK2Dg" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><p>The data quality and the source it comes from are very relevant for AI system: every organization has to <span style="font-weight:bold;">manage carefully the definition and documentation</span><span style="font-weight:bold;">about requirements and standards</span>.<br/></p></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_4qAtiKuV9a1y8R5qtYtZqw" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style></style><h3
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left zpheading-align-mobile-left zpheading-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><h3>Annex A, Control A.8 «Information for parts interested in AI systems»</h3></div></h3></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_IoFRDyfhot9dcfyHpCfOcg" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true">According to the Annex A control A.8, organizations have to determine and share <span style="font-weight:bold;">AI systems essential informations</span> (purpose, instructions, limitations, capabilities,...) to users and other stakeholders.<br/></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_agZD6BOHpWG5esZ7GYOl3g" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style></style><h3
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left zpheading-align-mobile-left zpheading-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><h3>Annex A, Control A.9 «Use of AI systems»</h3></div></h3></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_uXRkiXT2y9fJMiNVQ8OCAA" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><p><span style="font-size:16px;">The Annex A control A.9 requires to define and document the <span style="font-weight:bold;">process for the AI systems responsible use</span>, in particular according to ethics, legal requirements and policies of the organization.</span><br/></p><p></p></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_DDhJXp9kvxgr720-qJYSLA" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style></style><h3
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left zpheading-align-mobile-left zpheading-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><h3>Annex A, Control A.10 «Thir parties and customer relationships»</h3></div></h3></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_toiAosZbZsvW9I4ByPgFKw" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><p>According to the Annex A control A.10, organizations have to delineate <span style="font-weight:bold;">internal and external responsabilities on AI systems</span>, in particular among partners, suppliers and other third parties.<br/></p></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_0aB9p5IdS-dXtSJtEWYJ4A" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style></style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left zpheading-align-mobile-left zpheading-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true">The correlations between ISO 42001 Annex A and other standards <br/></h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_XoF4LDjbIUta-o9BjTHnFQ" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><p>We should remember that the the ISO 42001:2023 Annex A has relevant <span style="font-weight:bold;">correlations with other standards</span>, in particular the following ones:<br/></p></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_00Jg3qjSbyVXFB8dBYC6cg" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left zptext-align-mobile-left zptext-align-tablet-left " data-editor="true"><ul><li>ISO 27001 Information Security (Appendix A Operational Controls);</li><li><a href="https://www.itsmf.ch/blogs/post/syst%C3%A8me-de-management-standard-iso-20000-1-tic-et-approche-grc" title="IT Services ISO 20000-1" rel="">IT Services ISO 20000-1</a><br/></li></ul></div>
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</div></div></div></div></div></div> ]]></content:encoded><pubDate>Wed, 19 Mar 2025 07:00:00 +0100</pubDate></item><item><title><![CDATA[Understanding AI terms and definitions according to the standard ISO 22989]]></title><link>https://www.itsmf.ch/blogs/post/understanding-ai-terms-and-definitions-according-to-the-standard-iso-22989</link><description><![CDATA[<img align="left" hspace="5" src="https://www.itsmf.ch/understanding-AI-terms-and-definitions-ISO-22889-standard-itsmf-switzerland.jpg"/>The ISO 22989 standard on «information technology — artificial intelligence — artificial intelligence concepts and terminology» provides concepts and terminology to improve the understanding of AI.]]></description><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="zpcontent-container blogpost-container "><div data-element-id="elm_eaocCKUWRQWj8hdYP5pfdA" data-element-type="section" class="zpsection "><style type="text/css"> [data-element-id="elm_eaocCKUWRQWj8hdYP5pfdA"].zpsection{ border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zpcontainer-fluid zpcontainer"><div data-element-id="elm_EZDc8gx4R1GuKfHeKhZ2iw" data-element-type="row" class="zprow zprow-container zpalign-items- zpjustify-content- " data-equal-column=""><style type="text/css"> [data-element-id="elm_EZDc8gx4R1GuKfHeKhZ2iw"].zprow{ border-radius:1px; } </style><div data-element-id="elm_PC-fd0JiQGy9ODIQOJc_6g" data-element-type="column" class="zpelem-col zpcol-12 zpcol-md-8 zpcol-sm-12 zpalign-self- "><style type="text/css"> [data-element-id="elm_PC-fd0JiQGy9ODIQOJc_6g"].zpelem-col{ border-radius:1px; } </style><div data-element-id="elm_DmKi1zQzpSrBY7HijFo4iw" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_DmKi1zQzpSrBY7HijFo4iw"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><p><span style="font-style:italic;">Reading time: ~ 7 min.</span><br/></p></div>
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                type:fullscreen,
                theme:dark"><figure role="none" class="zpimage-data-ref"><span class="zpimage-anchor" role="link" tabindex="0" aria-label="Open Lightbox" style="cursor:pointer;"><picture><img class="zpimage zpimage-style-none zpimage-space-none " src="/AI-terms-and-definitions-ISO-22889-standard-itsmf-switzerland-blog.jpg" width="415" height="311.25" loading="lazy" size="fit" alt="direttiva sulla responsabilità da intelligenza artificiale itsmf blog" data-lightbox="true"/></picture></span></figure></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_Uy2drJ_yPLPmFCRoHyz74Q" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_Uy2drJ_yPLPmFCRoHyz74Q"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true">AI terms and definitions according to the standard ISO 22989<br/></h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_MA7yDYFPfnWBQlmFKNXRhQ" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_MA7yDYFPfnWBQlmFKNXRhQ"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; margin-block-start:14px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:1.5;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:1;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><span style="color:inherit;"><span>These days, we can find <span style="font-weight:bold;">products and services</span> everywhere claiming that improve productivity and boost performance thanks to AI. It is no difficult to find <span style="background-color:rgb(234, 234, 4);">different kind of references to the artificial intelligence</span> with terms and definitions not always «standardized».</span></span></div><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><span style="color:inherit;"><span><br/></span></span></div><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><span style="color:inherit;"><span>In our today post, we're going to take a look at the <span style="font-weight:bold;">ISO 22989:2022 standard</span> on «</span></span>information technology — artificial intelligence — artificial intelligence concepts and terminology<span style="color:inherit;"><span>», which provides an <span style="background-color:rgb(4, 234, 119);">AI terminology and some description on concepts in the artificial intelligence field</span>.<br/></span></span></div><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><span style="color:inherit;"><span><br/></span></span></div><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><span style="color:inherit;"><span>It is important to note that this <span style="font-weight:bold;">document can be used to develop other standard</span> as well as it can be a useful to manage the communication between different stakeholders with a common point of reference.</span></span></div><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><span style="color:inherit;"><span><br/></span></span></div><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><span style="color:inherit;"><span>The <span style="font-weight:bold;">ISO 22989:2022 is suitable indeed for a many different types of organizations</span> (businesses, government agencies, nonprofit organizations).<br/></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>
</div></div></div><p><span></span></p></div></div></div></div><span style="font-size:18px;"><span style="color:inherit;"><span style="font-size:11pt;"></span></span></span></div>
</div></div><div data-element-id="elm_nP3CX1ra657DfTv22bbrxg" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style></style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true">Focus on the ISO/IEC 22989:2022 standard and its clauses<br/></h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_Vp3sGqEVZ6tAJ2-gl4ZrtA" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><p style="text-align:left;">Please bear in mind that the ISO/IEC 22989:2022 standard has a <a href="https://www.itsmf.ch/blogs/post/the-management-systems-for-artificial-intelligence-according-to-iso-42001-2023" title="direct relation to the ISO/IEC standard 42001:2023" rel="">direct relation to the ISO/IEC 42001:2023</a> on «Information technology Artificial intelligence management system», a standard we have already written about some months ago on our blog.<br/></p><p></p><p><br/></p><p>Let's have a look now at the ISO 22989 standard, which is divided into these clauses:<br/></p></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_R867dW159MVmFt-vYPOccQ" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="color:inherit;font-size:16px;"><span>✅ 1. Scope<br/></span></span></p><p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="color:inherit;font-size:16px;"><span>✅ 2. Normative references<br/></span></span></p><p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:16px;">✅ <span style="font-weight:bold;">3. Terms and definitions</span></span></p><p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:16px;">✅ 4. Abbreviated terms</span></p><p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:16px;">✅ 5. AI Concepts</span></p><p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:16px;">✅ 6. AI systems life cycle</span></p><p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:16px;">✅ 7. AI system functional overview</span></p><p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:16px;">✅ 8. AI Ecosystem</span></p><p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:16px;">✅ 9. Fields or AI</span></p><p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:16px;">✅ 10. Application or AI Systems</span></p><p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:16px;">✅ Annex A: Mapping of the AI ​​systems life cycle with the OECD's definition of an AI system life cycle.</span></p><p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></p><p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:16px;">We're going now to take a closer look at the <span style="font-weight:bold;">section «3» of ISO 22989:2022 standard</span>.<br/></span></p></div></div><p></p></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_JYOGGz4iHdKvABNds6TB_A" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style></style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true">The ISO 22989:2022 standard section 3: terms related to AI<br/></h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_BI1QhBrTwOYVMdMFFuJ7Kg" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><p>On the <span style="font-weight:bold;">section 3</span>, the ISO 22989:2022 standard provides us a well-structured and useful focus about <span style="font-weight:bold;">AI terms and definitions</span>. Let's have first a look at the artificial intelligence related terms.<br/></p></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_YtbwLM2PX9RbCFxZ0JGYcw" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div></div><p><span style="color:inherit;font-size:16px;"><span>📘</span></span><span style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;"> 3.1&nbsp;Terms related to AI</span></p><div style="color:inherit;"><div><div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;">📕 </span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.1.1 AI agent: <span style="font-weight:bold;"><span>automated <span>(3.1.7)</span></span> entity</span> that senses and responds to its environment and takes actions to achieve its goals.</span></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;">📕 </span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.1.2 AI component: functional element that constructs an <span>AI system <span>(3.1.4).</span></span></span></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;">📕 </span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.1.3 artificial intelligence, AI: &lt;discipline&gt; research and development of mechanisms and applications of <span style="text-decoration:underline;">AI systems <span>(3.1.4).</span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><span></span></span><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>Research and development can take place across any number of fields such as computer science, data science, humanities, mathematics and natural sciences.</span></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;">📕 </span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.1.4 artificial intelligence system, AI system: engineered system that generates outputs such as content, forecasts, recommendations or decisions for a given set of human-defined objectives.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><span></span></span><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>The engineered system can use various techniques and approaches related to <span>artificial intelligence <span>(3.1.3)</span></span> to develop a <span style="text-decoration:underline;">model <span>(3.1.23)</span></span> to represent data, <span style="text-decoration:underline;">knowledge <span>(3.1.21)</span></span>, processes, etc. which can be used to conduct <span style="text-decoration:underline;">tasks <span>(3.1.35)</span></span>.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 2 to entry: </span>AI systems are designed to operate with varying levels of <span style="text-decoration:underline;">automation <span>(3.1.7)</span></span>.</span></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;">📕 </span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.1.5 autonomy, autonomous: characteristic of a system that is capable of modifying its intended domain of use or goal without external intervention, control or oversight.</span></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;">📕 </span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.1.6 application specific integrated circuit, ASIC: integrated circuit customized for a particular use.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"></span><span style="font-size:12px;">[SOURCE:ISO/IEC/IEEE 24765:2017, 3.193, modified — Acronym has been moved to separate line.]</span></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span><span style="color:inherit;">📕 </span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.1.7 automatic, automation, automated: pertaining to a process or system that, under specified conditions, functions without human intervention.</span></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"></span><span style="font-size:12px;">[SOURCE:ISO/IEC 2382:2015, 2121282, modified — In the definition, “a process or equipment” has been replaced by “a process or system” and preferred terms of “automated and automation” are added.]</span></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;">📕 </span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.1.8 cognitive computing: category of <span>AI systems <span>(3.1.4)</span></span> that enables people and machines to interact more naturally.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><span></span></span><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>Cognitive computing tasks are associated with <span><span style="text-decoration:underline;">machine learning <span>(3.3.5)</span></span></span>, speech processing<span><a href="https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/en/#iso:std:iso-iec:22989:ed-1:v1:en:term:3.6.9">, </a><span style="text-decoration:underline;">natural language processing <span>(3.6.9)</span></span></span>, <span><span style="text-decoration:underline;">computer vision <span>(3.7.1)</span></span></span> and human-machine interfaces.</span></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;">📕 </span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.1.9 continuous learning, continual learning, lifelong learning: incremental training of an <span>AI system <span>(3.1.4)</span></span> that takes place on an ongoing basis during the operation phase of the AI system life cycle.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div></div><div><div><span style="color:inherit;">📕 </span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.1.10 connectionism, connectionist paradigm, connectionist model, connectionist approach: form of cognitive modelling that uses a network of interconnected units that generally are simple computational units.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div></div><div><div><span style="color:inherit;">📕</span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.1.11 data mining: computational process that extracts patterns by analysing quantitative data from different perspectives and dimensions, categorizing them, and summarizing potential relationships and impacts.</span></div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;">[SOURCE:ISO 16439:2014, 3.13, modified — replace “categorizing it” with “categorizing them” because data is plural.]</span></div></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div></div><div><div><div><span style="color:inherit;">📕 </span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.1.12 declarative knowledge: knowledge represented by facts, rules and theorems</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>Usually, declarative knowledge cannot be processed without first being translated into <span><span style="text-decoration:underline;">procedural knowledge <span>(3.1.28)</span></span></span>.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;">[SOURCE:ISO/IEC 2382-28:1995, 28.02.22, modified — Remove comma after “rules” in the definition.]</span></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span><span style="color:inherit;">📕 </span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.1.13 expert system: <span>AI system <span>(3.1.4)</span></span> that accumulates, combines and encapsulates <span>knowledge <span>(3.1.21)</span></span> provided by a human expert or experts in a specific domain to infer solutions to problems.</span></div></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div></div><div><div><div><span style="color:inherit;">📕 </span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.1.14 general AI, AGI, artificial general intelligence: type of <span>AI system <span>(3.1.4)</span></span> that addresses a broad range of <span>tasks <span>(3.1.35)</span></span> with a satisfactory level of performance.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"></span><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>Compared to <span>narrow AI <span>(3.1.24)</span></span>.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 2 to entry: </span>AGI is often used in a stronger sense, meaning systems that not only can perform a wide variety of tasks, but all tasks that a human can perform.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;">📕 </span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.1.15 genetic algorithm, GA: algorithm which simulates natural selection by creating and evolving a population of individuals (solutions) for optimization problems.</span></div></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;">📕 </span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.1.16 heteronomy, heteronomous: characteristic of a system operating under the constraint of external intervention, control or oversight.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div></div><div><div><div><span style="color:inherit;">📕 </span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.1.17 inference: reasoning by which conclusions are derived from known premises.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>In AI, a premise is either a fact, a rule, a model, a feature or raw data.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 2 to entry: </span>The term &quot;inference&quot; refers both to the process and its result.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;">[SOURCE:ISO/IEC 2382:2015, 2123830, modified – Model, feature and raw data have been added. Remove “Note&nbsp;4 to entry: 28.03.01 (2382)”. Remove “Note&nbsp;3 to entry: inference: term and definition standardized by ISO/IEC 2382-28:1995”.]</span></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div></div></div><div><div><span style="color:inherit;">📕</span><span style="font-size:16px;"> 3.1.18 internet of things, IoT: infrastructure of interconnected entities, people, systems and information resources together with services that process and react to information from the physical world and virtual world.</span></div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;">[SOURCE:ISO/IEC 20924:2021, 3.2.4, modified – “…services which processes and reacts to…” has been replaced with “…services that process and react to…” and acronym has been moved to separate line.]</span></div></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div></div><div><div><div><span style="color:inherit;">📕</span><span style="font-size:16px;"> 3.1.19 IoT device: entity of an <span style="text-decoration:underline;">IoT system <span>(3.1.20)</span></span> that interacts and communicates with the physical world through sensing or actuating.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>An IoT device can be a sensor or an actuator.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;">[SOURCE:ISO/IEC 20924:2021, 3.2.6]</span></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div></div></div><div><div><div><span style="color:inherit;">📕 </span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.1.20 IoT system: system providing functionalities of <span>IoT <span>(3.1.18).</span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>An IoT system can include, but not be limited to, IoT devices, IoT gateways, sensors and actuators.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;">[SOURCE:ISO/IEC 20924:2021, 3.2.9]</span></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div></div></div><div><div><div><span style="color:inherit;">📕 </span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.1.21knowledge: &lt;artificial intelligence&gt; abstracted information about objects, events, concepts or rules, their relationships and properties, organized for goal-oriented systematic use.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>Knowledge in the AI domain does not imply a cognitive capability, contrary to usage of the term in some other domains. In particular, knowledge does not imply the cognitive act of understanding.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 2 to entry: </span>Information can exist in numeric or symbolic form.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 3 to entry: </span>Information is data that has been contextualized, so that it is interpretable. Data is created through abstraction or measurement from the world.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div></div></div><div><div><div><span style="color:inherit;">📕 </span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.1.22 life cycle: evolution of a system, product, service, project or other human-made entity, from conception through retirement.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;">[SOURCE:ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288:2015, 4.1.23]</span></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span><span style="color:inherit;">📕 </span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.1.23 model: physical, mathematical or otherwise logical representation of a system, entity, phenomenon, process or data.</span></div></div></div><div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;">[SOURCE:ISO/IEC 18023-1:2006, 3.1.11, modified – Remove comma after “mathematical” in the definition. &quot;or data&quot; is added at the end.]</span></div></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;">📕 </span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.1.24 narrow AI: type of <span>AI system <span>(3.1.4)</span></span> that is focused on defined <span>tasks <span>(3.1.35)</span></span> to address a specific problem.</span></div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>Compared to <span>general AI <span>(3.1.14)</span></span>.</span></div></div></div><div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;">📕 </span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.1.25 performance: measurable result.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>Performance can relate either to quantitative or qualitative findings.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 2 to entry: </span>Performance can relate to managing activities, processes, products (including services), systems or organizations.</span></div></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;">📕</span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.1.26 planning: &lt;artificial intelligence&gt; computational processes that compose a workflow out of a set of actions, aiming at reaching a specified goal.</span></div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>The meaning of the “planning” used in AI life cycle or AI management standards can be also actions taken by human beings.</span></div></div></div><div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;">📕 </span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.1.27 prediction: primary output of an <span>AI system <span>(3.1.4)</span></span> when provided with <span><span style="text-decoration:underline;">input data <span>(3.2.9)</span></span></span> or information.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>Predictions can be followed by additional outputs, such as recommendations, decisions and actions.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 2 to entry: </span>Prediction does not necessarily refer to predicting something in the future.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 3 to entry: </span>Predictions can refer to various kinds of data analysis or production applied to new data or historical data (including translating text, creating synthetic images or diagnosing a previous power failure).</span></div></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;">📕 </span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.1.28 procedural knowledge: knowledge which explicitly indicates the steps to be taken in order to solve a problem or to reach a goal.</span></div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;">[SOURCE:ISO/IEC 2382-28:1995, 28.02.23]</span></div></div></div><div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;">📕 </span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.1.29 robot: automation system with actuators that performs intended <span>tasks <span>(3.1.35)</span></span> in the physical world, by means of sensing its environment and a software control system.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>A robot includes the control system and interface of a control system.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 2 to entry: </span>The classification of a robot as industrial robot or service robot is done according to its intended application.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 3 to entry: </span>In order to properly perform its <span>tasks <span>(3.1.35)</span></span>, a robot makes use of different kinds of sensors to confirm its current state and perceive the elements composing the environment in which it operates.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div></div></div><div><div><span style="color:inherit;">📕 </span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.1.30 robotics: science and practice of designing, manufacturing and applying robots.</span></div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;">[SOURCE:ISO 8373:2012, 2.16]</span></div></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div></div><div><div><span style="color:inherit;">📕 </span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.1.31 semantic computing: field of computing that aims to identify the meanings of computational content and user intentions and to express them in a machine-processable form.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div></div><div><div><span style="color:inherit;">📕 </span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.1.32 soft computing: field of computing that is tolerant of and exploits imprecision, uncertainty and partial truth to make problem-solving more tractable and robust</span></div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>Soft computing encompasses various techniques such as fuzzy logic, machine learning and probabilistic reasoning.</span></div></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div></div><div><div><span style="color:inherit;">📕 </span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.1.33 symbolic AI: <span>AI <span>(3.1.3)</span></span> based on techniques and <span>models <span>(3.1.23)</span></span> that manipulate symbols and structures according to explicitly defined rules to obtain inferences</span></div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>Compared to <span style="text-decoration:underline;">subsymbolic AI <span>(3.1.34)</span></span>, symbolic AI produces declarative outputs, whereas subsymbolic AI is based on statistical approaches and produces outputs with a given probability of error.</span></div></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div></div><div><div><span style="color:inherit;">📕 </span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.1.34 subsymbolic AI: <span>AI <span>(3.1.3)</span></span> based on techniques and <span>models <span>(3.1.23)</span></span> that use an implicit encoding of information, that can be derived from experience or raw data.</span></div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>Compared to <span>symbolic AI <span>(3.1.33)</span></span>. Whereas symbolic AI produces declarative outputs, subsymbolic AI is based on statistical approaches and produces outputs with a given probability of error.</span></div></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div></div><div><div><div><span style="color:inherit;">📕 </span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.1.35 task: &lt;artificial intelligence&gt;action required to achieve a specific goal.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>Actions can be physical or cognitive. For instance, computing or creation of <span>predictions <span>(3.1.27)</span></span>, translations, synthetic data or artefacts or navigating through a physical space.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 2 to entry: </span>Examples of tasks include classification, regression, ranking, clustering and dimensionality reduction.</span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_1644wqUeKtL4gT9uz2gcag" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style></style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true">The ISO 22989:2022 standard section 3: terms related to data<br/></h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_CazBIxe9hrZeZ5q8uNpPJA" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><p>On the <span style="font-weight:bold;">section 3</span>, the ISO 22989:2022 standard provides us a well-structured and useful focus about <span style="font-weight:bold;">AI terms and definitions</span>. Let's have a look now at the terms related to data.<br/></p></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_uBQSTQqgiFEFJzFSnZteaA" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div></div><p><span style="color:inherit;font-size:16px;"><span>📘</span></span><span style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;"> 3.2 Terms related to data</span></p><div style="color:inherit;"><div><div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"></span><span style="color:inherit;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;">📕 </span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.2.1 data annotation: process of attaching a set of descriptive information to data without any change to that data.</span></div></div></div></div><div><div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>The descriptive information can take the form of metadata, labels and anchors.</span></div></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕</span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.2.2 data quality checking: process in which data is examined for completeness, bias and other factors which affect its usefulness for an <span>AI system <span>(3.1.4).</span></span></span></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.2.3 data augmentation: process of creating synthetic samples by modifying or utilizing the existing data.</span></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.2.4 data sampling: process to select a subset of data samples intended to present patterns and trends similar to that of the larger <span>dataset <span>(3.2.5)</span></span> being analysed.</span></div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>Ideally, the subset of data samples will be representative of the larger <span>dataset <span>(3.2.5)</span></span>.</span></div></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.2.5 dataset: collection of data with a shared format.</span></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;">EXAMPLE &nbsp;1:</span></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;">Micro-blogging posts from June 2020 associated with hashtags #rugby and #football.</span></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;">EXAMPLE &nbsp;2:</span></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;">Macro photographs of flowers in 256x256 pixels.</span></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>Datasets can be used for validating or testing an AI <span>model <span>(3.1.23)</span></span>. In a <span>machine learning <span>(3.3.5)</span></span> context, datasets can also be used to train a <span>machine learning algorithm <span>(3.3.6)</span></span>.</span></div></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.2.6 exploratory data analysis, EDA: initial examination of data to determine its salient characteristics and assess its quality.</span></div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>EDA can include identification of missing values, outliers, representativeness for the task at hand – see <span>data quality checking <span>(3.2.2)</span></span>.</span></div></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.2.7 ground truth: value of the target variable for a particular item of labelled input data.</span></div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>The term ground truth does not imply that the labelled input data consistently corresponds to the real-world value of the target variables.</span></div></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div></div><div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.2.8 imputation: procedure where missing data are replaced by estimated or modelled data</span></div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;">[SOURCE:ISO 20252:2019, 3.45]</span></div></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.2.9 input data: data for which an <span>AI system <span>(3.1.4)</span></span> calculates a predicted output or inference.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div></div><div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.2.10 label: target variable assigned to a sample.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div></div><div><div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.2.11personally identifiable information, PII personal data: any information that (a) can be used to establish a link between the information and the natural person to whom such information relates, or (b) is or can be directly or indirectly linked to a natural person.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>The “natural person” in the definition is the PII principal. To determine whether a PII principal is identifiable, account should be taken of all the means which can reasonably be used by the privacy stakeholder holding the data, or by any other party, to establish the link between the set of PII and the natural person.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 2 to entry: </span>This definition is included to define the term PII as used in this document. A public cloud PII processor is typically not in a position to know explicitly whether information it processes falls into any specified category unless this is made transparent by the cloud service customer.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;">[SOURCE:ISO/IEC 29100:2011/Amd1:2018, 2.9]</span></div></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.2.12 production data: data acquired during the operation phase of an <span>AI system <span>(3.1.4)</span></span>, for which a deployed <span>AI system <span>(3.1.4)</span></span> calculates a predicted output or <span>inference <span>(3.1.17).</span></span></span></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.2.13 sample: atomic data element processed in quantities by a <span><span style="text-decoration:underline;">machine learning algorithm <span>(3.3.6)</span></span></span> or an <span>AI system <span>(3.1.4).</span></span></span></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.2.14 test data, evaluation data: data used to assess the performance of a final <span>model <span>(3.1.23)</span></span></span></div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>Test data is disjoint from <span><span style="text-decoration:underline;">training data <span>(3.3.16)</span></span></span> and <span>validation data <span>(3.2.15)</span></span>.</span></div></div></div><div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.2.15 validation data, development data: data used to compare the performance of different candidate <span>models <span>(3.1.23)</span><span>.</span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>Validation data is disjoint from <span>test data <span>(3.2.14)</span></span> and generally also from <span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span>training data <span>(3.3.16)</span></span>.</span> However, in cases where there is insufficient data for a three-way training, validation and test set split, the data is divided into only two sets – a test set and a training or validation set. Cross-validation or bootstrapping are common methods for then generating separate training and validation sets from the training or validation set.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 2 to entry: </span>Validation data can be used to tune hyperparameters or to validate some algorithmic choices, up to the effect of including a given rule in an expert system.</span></div></div></div></div></div></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_CuOGLwDu9smxu35LtGZ1Pg" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style></style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true">The ISO 22989:2022 standard section 3: terms related to machine learning<br/></h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_9gQdqotCdLF0iS8X1AivBA" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><p>On the <span style="font-weight:bold;">section 3</span>, the ISO 22989:2022 standard provides us a well-structured and useful focus about <span style="font-weight:bold;">AI terms and definitions</span>. Let's have a look now at the terms related to machine learning.<br/></p></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_ajK8X-k4-sBhkGAsbCqreg" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div></div><p><span style="color:inherit;font-size:16px;"><span>📘</span></span><span style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;"> 3.3 </span><span style="color:inherit;"><span style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;">Terms related to machine learning</span></span></p><div style="color:inherit;"><div><div><div><div><br/><span style="color:inherit;"></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.3.1 Bayesian network: probabilistic <span>model <span>(3.1.23)</span></span> that uses Bayesian <span>inference <span>(3.1.17)</span></span> for probability computations using a directed acyclic graph.</span></div></div></div></div><div><div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.3.2 decision tree: <span>model <span>(3.1.23)</span></span> for which <span>inference <span>(3.1.17)</span></span> is encoded as paths from the root to a leaf node in a tree structure.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div></div><div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.3.3 human-machine teaming: integration of human interaction with machine intelligence capabilities.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div></div><div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.3.4 hyperparameter: characteristic of a <span style="text-decoration:underline;">machine learning algorithm <span>(3.3.6)</span></span> that affects its learning process.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>Hyperparameters are selected prior to training and can be used in processes to help estimate model parameters.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 2 to entry: </span>Examples of hyperparameters include the number of network layers, width of each layer, type of activation function, optimization method, learning rate for neural networks; the choice of kernel function in a support vector machine; number of leaves or depth of a tree; the K for K-means clustering; the maximum number of iterations of the expectation maximization algorithm; the number of Gaussians in a Gaussian mixture.</span></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.3.5 machine learning, ML: process of optimizing <span style="text-decoration:underline;">model parameters <span>(3.3.8)</span></span> through computational techniques, such that the <span>model's <span>(3.1.23)</span></span> behaviour reflects the data or experience</span></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.3.6 machine learning algorithm: algorithm to determine <span><span style="text-decoration:underline;">parameters <span>(3.3.8)</span></span></span> of a <span><span style="text-decoration:underline;">machine learning model <span>(3.3.7)</span></span></span> from data according to given criteria</span></div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;">EXAMPLE:</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;">Consider solving a univariate linear function <i>y</i> = θ<sub>0</sub> + θ<sub>1</sub><i>x</i> where <i>y</i> is an output or result, <i>x</i> is an input, θ<sub>0</sub> is an intercept (the value of <i>y</i> where <i>x</i>=0) and θ<sub>1</sub> is a weight. In <span>machine learning <span>(3.3.5)</span></span>, the process of determining the intercept and weights for a linear function is known as linear regression.</span></div></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.3.7 machine learning model: mathematical construct that generates an <span>inference <span>(3.1.17)</span></span> or <span>prediction <span>(3.1.27)</span></span> based on input data or information</span></div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;">EXAMPLE:</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;">If a univariate linear function (<i>y</i> = θ<sub>0</sub> + θ<sub>1</sub><i>x</i>) has been trained using linear regression, the resulting model can be <i>y</i> = 3 + 7<i>x</i>.</span></div></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>A machine learning model results from training based on a <span>machine learning algorithm <span>(3.3.6)</span></span>.</span></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.3.8 parameter, model parameter: internal variable of a <span>model <span>(3.1.23)</span></span> that affects how it computes its outputs</span></div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>Examples of parameters include the weights in a neural network and the transition probabilities in a Markov model.</span></div></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.3.9 reinforcement learning, RL: learning of an optimal sequence of actions to maximize a reward through interaction with an environment.</span></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.3.10 retraining: updating a <span><span style="text-decoration:underline;">trained model <span>(3.3.14)</span></span></span> by <span><span style="text-decoration:underline;">training <span>(3.3.15)</span></span></span> with different <span><span style="text-decoration:underline;">training data <span>(3.3.16)</span></span><span>.</span></span></span></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.3.11 semi-supervised machine learning: <span>machine learning (3.3.5)</span> that makes use of both labelled and unlabelled data during <span><span style="text-decoration:underline;">training <span>(3.3.15).</span></span></span></span></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.3.12 supervised machine learning: <span>machine learning <span>(3.3.5)</span></span> that makes only use of labelled data during <span><span style="text-decoration:underline;">training <span>(3.3.15).</span></span></span></span></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.3.13 support vector machine, SVM: <span>machine learning algorithm <span>(3.3.6)</span></span> that finds decision boundaries with maximal margins</span></div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>Support vectors are sets of data points that define the positioning of the decision boundaries (hyper-planes).</span></div></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.3.14 trained model: result of <span>model training <span>(3.3.15).</span></span></span></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.3.15 training, model training: process to determine or to improve the parameters of a <span>machine learning model <span>(3.3.7)</span></span>, based on a <span>machine learning algorithm <span>(3.2.10)</span></span>, by using <span><span style="text-decoration:underline;">training data <span>(3.3.16)</span></span></span></span></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.3.16 training data: data used to train a <span>machine learning model <span>(3.3.7)</span></span></span></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.3.17 unsupervised machine learning: <span>machine learning <span>(3.3.5)</span></span> that makes only use of unlabelled data during <span>training <span>(3.3.15).</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div><span style="font-size:16px;"></span></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_KvILbKMrOABNeH4d4J93hg" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style></style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true">The ISO 22989:2022 standard section 3: terms related to neural networks<br/></h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_tRKnUsFjEO0UD17bQNh0dQ" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><p>On the <span style="font-weight:bold;">section 3</span>, the ISO 22989:2022 standard provides us a well-structured and useful focus about <span style="font-weight:bold;">AI terms and definitions</span>. Let's have a look now at the terms related to neural networks.<br/></p></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_npBAXUIs99xYdPvbERepKA" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div></div><p><span style="color:inherit;font-size:16px;"><span>📘</span></span><span style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;"> 3.4 </span><span style="color:inherit;"><span style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;">Terms related to neural networks<br/></span></span></p><div style="color:inherit;"><div><div><div><div><br/><span style="color:inherit;"></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.4.1 </span><span style="font-size:16px;">activation function: </span><span style="font-size:16px;">function applied to the weighted combination of all inputs to a <span>neuron <span>(3.4.9)</span><span>.</span></span></span><div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>Activation functions allow neural networks to learn complicated features in the data. They are typically non-linear.</span></div></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.4.2 convolutional neural network, CNN, deep convolutional neural network, DCNN: <span><span style="text-decoration:underline;">feed forward neural network <span>(3.4.6)</span></span></span> using <span><a href="https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/en/#iso:std:iso-iec:22989:ed-1:v1:en:term:3.4.3">c</a><span style="text-decoration:underline;">onvolution <span>(3.4.3)</span></span></span> in at least one of its layers.</span></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.4.3 convolution: mathematical operation involving a sliding dot product or cross-correlation of the input data.</span></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.4.4 deep learning, deep neural network learning: &lt;artificial intelligence&gt; approach to creating rich hierarchical representations through the <span>training <span>(3.3.15)</span></span> of <span>neural networks <span>(3.4.8)</span></span> with many hidden layers.</span></div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>Deep learning is a subset of <span>ML <span>(3.3.5)</span></span>.</span></div></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.4.5 exploding gradient: phenomenon of backpropagation <span>training <span>(3.3.15)</span></span> in a neural network where large error gradients accumulate and result in very large updates to the weights, making the <span>model <span>(3.1.23)</span></span> unstable.</span></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.4.6 feed forward neural network, FFNN: <span><span style="text-decoration:underline;">neural network <span>(3.4.8)</span></span></span> where information is fed from the input layer to the output layer in one direction only.</span></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.4.7 long short-term memory, LSTM: type of <span><span style="text-decoration:underline;">recurrent neural network <span>(3.4.10)</span></span></span> that processes sequential data with a satisfactory performance for both long and short span dependencies.</span></div></div><div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.4.8 neural network, NN, neural net, artificial neural network:</span></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;">&lt;artificial intelligence&gt; network of one or more layers of <span style="text-decoration:underline;">neurons <span>(3.4.9)</span></span> connected by weighted links with adjustable weights, which takes input data and produces an output.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>Neural networks are a prominent example of the <span>connectionist approach <span>(3.1.10)</span></span>.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 2 to entry: </span>Although the design of neural networks was initially inspired by the functioning of biological neurons, most works on neural networks do not follow that inspiration anymore.</span></div></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.4.9 neuron: &lt;artificial intelligence&gt; primitive processing element which takes one or more input values and produces an output value by combining the input values and applying an <span>activation function <span>(3.4.1)</span></span> on the result.</span></div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>Examples of nonlinear activation functions are a threshold function, a sigmoid function and a polynomial function.</span></div></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.4.10 recurrent neural network, RNN: <span>neural network <span>(3.4.8)</span></span> in which outputs from both the previous layer and the previous processing step are fed into the current layer<span style="color:rgb(1, 58, 81);">.</span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><span style="font-size:16px;"></span></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_YiFF3d3qXwdlKYEeSIE-9A" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style></style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true">The ISO 22989:2022 standard section 3: terms related to trustworthiness<br/></h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_v4-0sfiYSoli4Rcbhtg-mg" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><p>On the <span style="font-weight:bold;">section 3</span>, the ISO 22989:2022 standard provides us a well-structured and useful focus about <span style="font-weight:bold;">AI terms and definitions</span>. Let's have a look now at the terms related to <span style="font-size:16px;">trustworthiness</span>.<br/></p></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_S_sLkaWSLk4T_gO2t_B6rg" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div></div><p><span style="color:inherit;font-size:16px;"><span>📘</span></span><span style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;"> 3.5 </span><span style="color:inherit;"><span style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;">Terms related to trustworthiness</span></span></p><p><span style="color:inherit;"><span style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;"><br/></span></span></p><div style="color:inherit;"><div><div><div><div><span style="color:inherit;"></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.5.1 accountable: answerable for actions, decisions and performance</span></div></div></div></div><div><div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;">[SOURCE:ISO/IEC 38500:2015, 2.2]</span></div></div></div><div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.5.2 accountability: state of being <span>accountable <span>(3.5.1)</span><span>.</span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>Accountability relates to an allocated responsibility. The responsibility can be based on regulation or agreement or through assignment as part of delegation.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 2 to entry: </span>Accountability involves a person or entity being accountable for something to another person or entity, through particular means and according to particular criteria.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;">[SOURCE:ISO/IEC 38500:2015, 2.3, modified — Note&nbsp;2 to entry is added.]</span></div></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.5.3 availability: property of being accessible and usable on demand by an authorized entity.</span></div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;">[SOURCE:ISO/IEC 27000:2018, 3.7]</span></div></div></div><div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.5.4 bias: systematic difference in treatment of certain objects, people or groups in comparison to others.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>Treatment is any kind of action, including perception, observation, representation, <span>prediction <span>(3.1.27)</span></span> or decision.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;">[SOURCE:ISO/IEC TR 24027:2021, 3.3.2, modified – remove oxford comma in definition and note to entry]</span></div></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.5.5 control: purposeful action on or in a process to meet specified objectives.</span></div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;">[SOURCE:IEC 61800-7-1:2015, 3.2.6]</span></div></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.5.6 controllability, controllable: property of an <span>AI system <span>(3.1.4)</span></span> that allows a human or another external agent to intervene in the system’s functioning.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div></div><div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.5.7 explainability: property of an <span>AI system <span>(3.1.4)</span></span> to express important factors influencing the <span>AI system <span>(3.1.4)</span></span> results in a way that humans can understand.</span></div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>It is intended to answer the question “Why?” without actually attempting to argue that the course of action that was taken was necessarily optimal.</span></div></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.5.8 predictability: property of an <span>AI system <span>(3.1.4)</span></span> that enables reliable assumptions by <span><span style="text-decoration:underline;">stakeholders <span>(3.5.13)</span></span></span> about the output.</span></div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;">[SOURCE:ISO/IEC TR 27550:2019, 3.12, “by individuals, owners, and operators about the PII and its processing by a system” has been replaced with “by stakeholders about the outputs”.]</span></div></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.5.9 reliability: property of consistent intended behaviour and results.</span></div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;">[SOURCE:ISO/IEC 27000:2018, 2.55]</span></div></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.5.10 resilience: ability of a system to recover operational condition quickly following an incident.</span></div></div><div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.5.11risk: effect of uncertainty on objectives.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>An effect is a deviation from the expected. It can be positive, negative or both and can address, create or result in opportunities and threats.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 2 to entry: </span>Objectives can have different aspects and categories and can be applied at different levels.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 3 to entry: </span>Risk is usually expressed in terms of risk sources, potential events, their consequences and their likelihood.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;">[SOURCE:ISO 31000:2018, 3.1, modified — Remove comma after “both” in Note&nbsp;1 to entry. Remove comma after “categories” in Note&nbsp;2 to entry.]</span></div></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.5.12 robustness: ability of a system to maintain its level of performance under any circumstances.</span></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕</span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.5.13 stakeholder: any individual, group, or organization that can affect, be affected by or perceive itself to be affected by a decision or activity.</span></div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;">[SOURCE:ISO/IEC 38500:2015, 2.24, modified — Remove comma after “be affected by” in the definition.]</span></div></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.5.14 transparency: &lt;organization&gt; property of an organization that appropriate activities and decisions are communicated to relevant <span>stakeholders <span>(3.5.13)</span></span> in a comprehensive, accessible and understandable manner.</span></div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>Inappropriate communication of activities and decisions can violate security, privacy or confidentiality requirements.</span></div></div></div><div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.5.15 transparency: &lt;system&gt; property of a system that appropriate information about the system is made available to relevant <span>stakeholders <span>(3.5.13).</span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>Appropriate information for system transparency can include aspects such as features, performance, limitations, components, procedures, measures, design goals, design choices and assumptions, data sources and labelling protocols.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 2 to entry: </span>Inappropriate disclosure of some aspects of a system can violate security, privacy or confidentiality requirements.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.5.16 trustworthiness: ability to meet <span>stakeholder <span>(3.5.13)</span></span> expectations in a verifiable way.</span></div></div></div><div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>Depending on the context or sector, and also on the specific product or service, data and technology used, different characteristics apply and need verification to ensure <span>stakeholders’ <span>(3.5.13)</span></span> expectations are met.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 2 to entry: </span>Characteristics of trustworthiness include, for instance, reliability, availability, resilience, security, privacy, safety, accountability, transparency, integrity, authenticity, quality and usability.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 3 to entry: </span>Trustworthiness is an attribute that can be applied to services, products, technology, data and information as well as, in the context of governance, to organizations.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;">[SOURCE:ISO/IEC TR 24028:2020, 3.42, modified — Stakeholders’ expectations replaced by stakeholder expectations; comma between quality and usability replaced by “and”.]</span></div></div></div><div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.5.17 verification: confirmation, through the provision of objective evidence, that specified requirements have been fulfilled.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>Verification only provides assurance that a product conforms to its specification.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;">[SOURCE:ISO/IEC 27042:2015, 3.21]</span></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.5.18 validation: confirmation, through the provision of objective evidence, that the requirements for a specific intended use or application have been fulfilled.</span></div></div></div><div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;">[SOURCE:ISO/IEC 27043:2015, 3.16]</span></div></div></div></div></div><span style="font-size:16px;"></span></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_MuGX05J3Ml3zr0BRk835Qg" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style></style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true">The ISO 22989:2022 standard section 3: terms related to natural language processing<br/></h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_QDDUXVuYHVylQXRO5_QzTQ" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><p>On the <span style="font-weight:bold;">section 3</span>, the ISO 22989:2022 standard provides us a well-structured and useful focus about <span style="font-weight:bold;">AI terms and definitions</span>. Let's have a look now at the terms related to <span style="font-size:16px;">natural language processing</span>.<br/></p></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_8kL5BgX63MUozwbEzrjIvQ" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div></div><p><span style="color:inherit;font-size:16px;"><span>📘</span></span><span style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;"> 3.6 </span><span style="color:inherit;"><span style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;">Terms related to natural language processing<br/></span></span></p><p><span style="color:inherit;"><span style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;"><br/></span></span></p><div style="color:inherit;"><div><div><div><div><span style="color:inherit;"></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.6.1 automatic summarization: <span>task <span>(3.1.35)</span></span> of shortening a portion of <span><span style="text-decoration:underline;">natural language <span>(3.6.7)</span></span></span> content or text while retaining important semantic information.</span></div></div></div></div><div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.6.2 dialogue management: <span>task <span>(3.1.35)</span></span> of choosing the appropriate next move in a dialogue based on user input, the dialogue history and other contextual <span>knowledge <span>(3.1.21)</span></span>, to meet a desired goal.</span></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.6.3 emotion recognition: <span>task <span>(3.1.35)</span></span> of computationally identifying and categorizing emotions expressed in a piece of text, speech, video or image or combination thereof.</span></div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>Examples of emotions include happiness, sadness, anger and delight.</span></div></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕</span></span><span style="font-size:16px;"> 3.6.4 information retrieval, IR: <span>task <span>(3.1.35)</span></span> of retrieving relevant documents or parts of documents from a <span>dataset <span>(3.2.5)</span></span>, typically based on keyword or <span><span style="text-decoration:underline;">natural language <span>(3.6.7)</span></span></span> queries.</span></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕</span></span><span style="font-size:16px;"> 3.6.5 machine translation, MT: <span>task <span>(3.1.35)</span></span> of automated translation of text or speech from one <span><span style="text-decoration:underline;">natural language <span>(3.6.7)</span></span></span> to another using a computer system.</span></div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;">[SOURCE:ISO 17100:2015, 2.2.2]</span></div></div></div><div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.6.6 named entity recognition, NER: <span>task <span>(3.1.35)</span></span> of recognizing and labelling the denotational names of entities and their categories for sequences of words in a stream of text or speech</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>Entity refers to concrete or abstract thing of interest, including associations among things.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 2 to entry: </span>“Named entity” refers to an entity with a denotational name where a specific or unique meaning exists.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 3 to entry: </span>Denotational names include the specific names of persons, locations, organizations and other proper names based on the domain or application.</span></div></div></div><div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕</span></span><span style="font-size:16px;"> 3.6.7 natural language: language that is or was in active use in a community of people and whose rules are deduced from usage</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>Natural language is any human language, which can be expressed in text, speech, sign language, etc.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 2 to entry: </span>Natural language is any human language, such as English, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese or Japanese, to be distinguished from programming and formal languages, such as Java, Fortran, C++ or First-Order Logic.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;">[SOURCE:ISO/IEC 15944-8:2012, 3.82, modified — “and the rules of which are mainly deduced from the usage” replaced by “and its rules are deduced from usage. Removed comma after “Chinese” in Note 2 to entry 3.6.8]</span></div></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕</span></span><span style="font-size:16px;"> 3.6.8 natural language generation, NLG: <span>task <span>(3.1.35)</span></span> of converting data carrying semantics into <span>natural language <span>(3.6.7)</span><span>.</span></span></span></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕</span></span><span style="font-size:16px;"> 3.6.9 natural language processing, NLP: &lt;system&gt; information processing based upon <span><span style="text-decoration:underline;">natural language understanding <span>(3.6.11)</span></span></span> or <span>natural language generation <span>(3.6.8)</span><span>.</span></span></span></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.6.10 natural language processing, NLP: &lt;discipline&gt; discipline concerned with the way systems acquire, process and interpret <span>natural language <span>(3.6.7)</span><span>.</span></span></span></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕</span></span><span style="font-size:16px;"> 3.6.11 natural language understanding, NLU, </span><b><span style="font-size:16px;">natural language comprehension</span></b><span style="font-size:16px;">: extraction of information, by a functional unit, from text or speech communicated to it in a <span>natural language <span>(3.6.7)</span></span>, and the production of a description for both the given text or speech and what it represents.</span></div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;">[SOURCE:ISO/IEC 2382:2015, 2123786, modified – Note to entry has been removed, hyphen in natural-language has been removed, NLU has been added.]</span></div></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕</span></span><span style="font-size:16px;"> 3.6.12 optical character recognition, OCR: conversion of images of typed, printed or handwritten text into machine-encoded text.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div></div><div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.6.13 part-of-speech tagging: <span>task <span>(3.1.35)</span></span> of assigning a category (e.g. verb, noun, adjective) to a word based on its grammatical properties.</span></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.6.14 question answering: <span>task <span>(3.1.35)</span></span> of determining the most appropriate answer to a question provided in <span>natural language <span>(3.6.7)</span></span></span></div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>A question can be open-ended or be intended to have a specific answer.</span></div></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕</span></span><span style="font-size:16px;"> 3.6.15 relationship extraction, relation extraction: <span>task <span>(3.1.35)</span></span> of identifying relationships among entities mentioned in a text.</span></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕</span></span><span style="font-size:16px;"> 3.6.16 sentiment analysis: <span>task <span>(3.1.35)</span></span> of computationally identifying and categorizing opinions expressed in a piece of text, speech or image, to determine a range of feeling such as from positive to negative.</span></div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>Examples of sentiments include approval, disapproval, positive toward, negative toward, agreement and disagreement.</span></div></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕</span></span><span style="font-size:16px;"> 3.6.17 speech recognition, speech-to-text, STT: conversion, by a functional unit, of a speech signal to a representation of the content of the speech.</span></div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;">[SOURCE:ISO/IEC 2382:2015, 2120735, modified — Note to entry has been removed.]</span></div></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕</span></span><span style="font-size:16px;"> 3.6.18 speech synthesis, text-to-speech, TTS: generation of artificial speech.</span></div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;">[SOURCE:ISO/IEC 2382: 2015, 2120745]</span></div></div></div></div></div><span style="font-size:16px;"></span></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_xXV2K78Ej7_2DEE1kV2ULQ" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style></style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true">The ISO 22989:2022 standard section 3: terms related to computer vision<br/></h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_tISznZFmrCtCmYLYCV4yOg" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><p>On the <span style="font-weight:bold;">section 3</span>, the ISO 22989:2022 standard provides us a well-structured and useful focus about <span style="font-weight:bold;">AI terms and definitions</span>. Let's have a look now at the terms related to <span style="font-size:16px;">computer vision</span>.<br/></p></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_8R3GYKRRXXBP8WB6BAgybA" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div></div><p><span style="color:inherit;font-size:16px;"><span>📘</span></span><span style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;"> 3.7 </span><span style="color:inherit;"><span style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;">Terms related to computer vision<br/></span></span></p><p><span style="color:inherit;"><span style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;"><br/></span></span></p><div style="color:inherit;"><div><div><div><div><span style="color:inherit;"></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.7.1 computer vision: capability of a functional unit to acquire, process and interpret data representing images or video.</span></div></div></div></div><div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>Computer vision involves the use of sensors to create a digital image of a visual scene. This can include images, such as images that capture wavelengths beyond those of visible light such as infrared imaging.</span></div></div></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.7.2 face recognition: automatic pattern recognition comparing stored images of human faces with the image of an actual face, indicating any matching, if it exists, and any data, if they exist, identifying the person to whom the face belongs.</span></div><div><div><span style="font-size:12px;">[SOURCE:ISO 5127:2017, 3.1.12.09]</span></div></div></div><div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.7.3 image: &lt;digital&gt; graphical content intended to be presented visually.</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;"><span>Note 1 to entry: </span>This includes graphics that are encoded in any electronic format, including, but not limited to, formats that are comprised of individual pixels (e.g. those produced by paint programs or by photographic means) and formats that comprised of formulas (e.g. those produced as scalable vector drawings).</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12px;">[SOURCE:ISO/IEC 20071-11:2019, 3.2.1]</span></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div></div></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>📕 </span></span><span style="font-size:16px;">3.7.4 image recognition: image classification process that classifies object(s), pattern(s) or concept(s) in an <span>image <span>(3.7.3)</span><span>.</span></span></span></div></div><span style="font-size:16px;"></span></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_wzAvgkL-VAqKMkrpmOE2rA" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_wzAvgkL-VAqKMkrpmOE2rA"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true">EU AI Act and the main useful ISO standards<br/></h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_ekP4jKQdUJxC3VCyF1FaFw" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_ekP4jKQdUJxC3VCyF1FaFw"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="line-height:2;"><div style="line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;">The EU Artificial Intelligence Act brings new challenges in terms of compliance of AI services and products. Let's take a final look at our inographic to better figure out the relationship between the European Regulation and the main ISO standards:<br/></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_GJ3NT9jCQU0ivFXDnpKrvQ" data-element-type="image" class="zpelement zpelem-image "><style> @media (min-width: 992px) { [data-element-id="elm_GJ3NT9jCQU0ivFXDnpKrvQ"] .zpimage-container figure img { width: 703px ; height: 527.25px ; } } @media (max-width: 991px) and (min-width: 768px) { [data-element-id="elm_GJ3NT9jCQU0ivFXDnpKrvQ"] .zpimage-container figure img { width:723px ; height:542.25px ; } } @media (max-width: 767px) { [data-element-id="elm_GJ3NT9jCQU0ivFXDnpKrvQ"] .zpimage-container figure img { width:415px ; height:311.25px ; } } [data-element-id="elm_GJ3NT9jCQU0ivFXDnpKrvQ"].zpelem-image { border-radius:1px; } </style><div data-caption-color="" data-size-tablet="" data-size-mobile="" data-align="center" data-tablet-image-separate="false" data-mobile-image-separate="false" class="zpimage-container zpimage-align-center zpimage-tablet-align-center zpimage-mobile-align-center zpimage-size-fit zpimage-tablet-fallback-fit zpimage-mobile-fallback-fit hb-lightbox " data-lightbox-options="
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                theme:dark"><figure role="none" class="zpimage-data-ref"><span class="zpimage-anchor" role="link" tabindex="0" aria-label="Open Lightbox" style="cursor:pointer;"><picture><img class="zpimage zpimage-style-none zpimage-space-none " src="/Understanding-AI-terms-and-definitions-according-to-the-standard-ISO-22889.jpg" width="415" height="311.25" loading="lazy" size="fit" data-lightbox="true"/></picture></span><figcaption class="zpimage-caption zpimage-caption-align-center"><span class="zpimage-caption-content">By Andrea Leonardi (VP @ Minerva Group Service, MP @ Alpemi Consulting &amp; itSMF Swizerland board member).</span></figcaption></figure></div>
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</div></div></div></div></div></div> ]]></content:encoded><pubDate>Wed, 19 Feb 2025 07:00:00 +0100</pubDate></item><item><title><![CDATA[The AI governance and the main related ISO standards: 42001, 38507 and 38500]]></title><link>https://www.itsmf.ch/blogs/post/the-eu-ai-act-and-the-main-related-iso-standards-42001-38507-and-38500</link><description><![CDATA[<img align="left" hspace="5" src="https://www.itsmf.ch/EU-artificial-intelligence-act-and-main-related-ISO-standards-ISO-42001-ISO-38507-ISO-38500-its.jpg"/>Organizations that need to adopt an effective artificial intelligence governance approach can find useful guidelines in the ISO/IEC 38507:2022 (and its main related standards).]]></description><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="zpcontent-container blogpost-container "><div data-element-id="elm_eaocCKUWRQWj8hdYP5pfdA" data-element-type="section" class="zpsection "><style type="text/css"> [data-element-id="elm_eaocCKUWRQWj8hdYP5pfdA"].zpsection{ border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zpcontainer-fluid zpcontainer"><div data-element-id="elm_EZDc8gx4R1GuKfHeKhZ2iw" data-element-type="row" class="zprow zprow-container zpalign-items- zpjustify-content- " data-equal-column=""><style type="text/css"> [data-element-id="elm_EZDc8gx4R1GuKfHeKhZ2iw"].zprow{ border-radius:1px; } </style><div data-element-id="elm_PC-fd0JiQGy9ODIQOJc_6g" data-element-type="column" class="zpelem-col zpcol-12 zpcol-md-8 zpcol-sm-12 zpalign-self- "><style type="text/css"> [data-element-id="elm_PC-fd0JiQGy9ODIQOJc_6g"].zpelem-col{ border-radius:1px; } </style><div data-element-id="elm_DmKi1zQzpSrBY7HijFo4iw" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_DmKi1zQzpSrBY7HijFo4iw"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><p><span style="font-style:italic;">Reading time: ~ 3 min.</span><br/></p></div>
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                type:fullscreen,
                theme:dark"><figure role="none" class="zpimage-data-ref"><span class="zpimage-anchor" role="link" tabindex="0" aria-label="Open Lightbox" style="cursor:pointer;"><picture><img class="zpimage zpimage-style-none zpimage-space-none " src="/EU-artificial-intelligence-act-and-main-related-ISO-standards-ISO-42001-ISO-38507-ISO-38500.jpg" width="415" height="311.25" loading="lazy" size="fit" alt="direttiva sulla responsabilità da intelligenza artificiale itsmf blog" data-lightbox="true"/></picture></span></figure></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_Uy2drJ_yPLPmFCRoHyz74Q" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_Uy2drJ_yPLPmFCRoHyz74Q"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true">The artificial intelligence and the governance: the most relevant ISO standards<br/></h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_MA7yDYFPfnWBQlmFKNXRhQ" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_MA7yDYFPfnWBQlmFKNXRhQ"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; margin-block-start:14px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:1.5;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:1;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><span style="color:inherit;"><span>In the landscape of (IT or) <span style="font-weight:bold;">Enterprise Service Management</span> the artificial intelligence arises as one of the leading trend that brings a lot of innovation in the concept of IT service management, as well as big <span style="background-color:rgb(244, 244, 78);">challenges regarding the governance aspects</span>.</span></span></div><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><span style="color:inherit;"><span><br/></span></span></div><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><span style="color:inherit;"><span>In our today post, we're going to take a closer look at the <span style="background-color:rgb(4, 234, 119);">most relevant ISO standards</span> that provide us useful guidelines for organizations in the implementation of the correct AI governance. </span></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span>Our overview will be mainly on:<br/></span></span></div></div>
</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>
</div></div><p><span></span></p></div></div></div></div><span style="font-size:18px;"><span style="color:inherit;"><span style="font-size:11pt;"></span></span></span></div>
</div></div><div data-element-id="elm_nu4j1qP8Z3thgFoRMPCU0Q" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><ul><li>ISO/IEC 38507:2022</li><li>ISO 38500</li><li>ISO 42001:2023</li><li>ISO/IEC 28394:2023<br/></li></ul></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_jWAPjWnTId9Nj7TRGBVZVQ" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style></style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true">The artificial intelligence and governance according to the ISO 38507 standard<br/></h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_CB6TtcQE5E_LfUobjEaukA" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><p><span style="font-size:16px;">The ISO/IEC 38507:2022 standard on «</span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span>Information technology — Governance of IT — Governance implications of </span></span><span>the use of artificial intelligence by Organizations</span><span style="font-size:16px;">» provides guidelines <span style="background-color:rgb(234, 234, 4);">addressed to governing body of organizations that use artificial intelligence</span>.</span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></p><p><span style="font-size:16px;">The documentation is useful to <span style="font-weight:bold;">implement an effective, efficient and acceptable use of the AI within the organization</span>. The standard can be applied to ensure the governance of current and future uses of artificial intelligence as well as the implications of such use for the organization itself.<br/></span></p><div style="color:inherit;"><p style="text-align:justify;"><br/><span style="font-size:14pt;"></span></p><p style="text-align:justify;">These are the sections of ISO/IEC 38507:2022 standard:<br/></p></div></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_vj7MFpG5114Cd_ZkTTLe9w" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><p><span style="color:inherit;"><span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span>✅ </span></span></span></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">1 Scope</span><br/></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span>✅ </span></span></span></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">2 Normative references</span><br/></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span>✅ </span></span></span></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">3 Terms and definitions</span><br/></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span>✅ </span></span></span></span><span style="color:inherit;">3.1 Terms related to Al<br/></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span>✅ </span></span></span></span><span style="color:inherit;">3.2 Terms related to governance<br/></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span>✅ </span></span></span></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">4 Governance implications of the organizational use of Al</span><br/></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span>✅ </span></span></span></span><span style="color:inherit;">4.1 General<br/></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span>✅ </span></span></span></span><span style="color:inherit;">4.2 Maintaining governance when introducing Al<br/></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span>✅ </span></span></span></span><span style="color:inherit;">4.3 Maintaining accountability when introducing Al<br/></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span>✅ </span></span></span></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">5 Overview of Al and Al systems</span><br/></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span>✅ </span></span></span></span><span style="color:inherit;">5.1 General<br/></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span>✅</span></span></span></span><span style="color:inherit;"> 5.2 How Al systems differ from other information technologies<br/></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span>✅ </span></span></span></span><span style="color:inherit;">5.3 Al ecosystem<br/></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span>✅ </span></span></span></span><span style="color:inherit;">5.4 Benefits of the use of Al<br/></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span>✅ </span></span></span></span><span style="color:inherit;">5.5 Constraints on the use of Al<br/></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span>✅ </span></span></span></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">6 Policies to address use of Al</span><br/></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span>✅ </span></span></span></span><span style="color:inherit;">6.1 General<br/></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span>✅ </span></span></span></span><span style="color:inherit;">6.2 Governance oversight of Al<br/></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span>✅ </span></span></span></span><span style="color:inherit;">6.3 Governance of decision-making<br/></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span>✅ </span></span></span></span><span style="color:inherit;">6.4 Governance of data use<br/></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span>✅ </span></span></span></span><span style="color:inherit;">6.5 Culture and values<br/></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span>✅ </span></span></span></span><span style="color:inherit;">6.6 Compliance<br/></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span>✅ </span></span></span></span><span style="color:inherit;">6.7 Risk<br/></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span>✅ </span></span></span></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">Annex A Governance and organizational decision-making</span><br/></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span>✅ </span></span></span></span><span style="color:inherit;">A.1 Overview of relevant governance standards<br/></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span>✅ </span></span></span></span><span style="color:inherit;">A. 2 Governing body guidance over management decisions<br/></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span>✅ </span></span></span></span><span style="color:inherit;">A.3 Governance of data use</span></p></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_cHJo3-UBy_NC6tUG-DNNgQ" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style></style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true">ISO/IEC 38507 and the main correlated ISO standards<br/></h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_I4pDzdzajiaGMR4owNwSFA" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style></style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div><span><span style="font-size:16px;">If we take a closer look at the IEC/ISO 38507:2022 standard we can find a direct relation to the <span style="font-weight:bold;">ISO/IEC 42001:2023</span> on «<span style="color:inherit;"><span>Information technology Artificial intelligence Management system</span></span>»</span> (we already had a <a href="https://www.itsmf.ch/blogs/post/the-management-systems-for-artificial-intelligence-according-to-iso-42001-2023" title="focus on our blog about this standard" rel="">focus on our blog about this standard</a>).</span></div><br/><div><span style="font-size:16px;">Regarding to the <span style="background-color:rgb(234, 234, 4);">AI governance approach proposed in the ISO 38507 standard</span>, we can point out that it is aligned with the one defined in the well-known <span style="font-weight:bold;">ISO/IEC 38500:2015 standard</span> on «<span style="color:inherit;"><span>Information technology - Governance of IT for the organization</span></span>».</span></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><br/></span></div><div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><span>On the subject of <span style="background-color:rgb(234, 234, 4);">risk management</span>, the ISO 38507 recalls the <span style="font-weight:bold;">IEC/ISO 28394:2023</span> standard on «</span><span>Information technology — Artificial intelligence – Guidance on risk management».</span></span></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><span><br/></span></span></div><div><span style="color:inherit;"><span>To better figure out the «big picture», take a look at our infographic:</span></span></div></div></div>
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                theme:dark"><figure role="none" class="zpimage-data-ref"><span class="zpimage-anchor" role="link" tabindex="0" aria-label="Open Lightbox" style="cursor:pointer;"><picture><img class="zpimage zpimage-style-none zpimage-space-none " src="/EU-AI-act_main-related-ISO-standards_ISO-42001_ISO-38507_ISO-38500.jpg" width="415" height="311.25" loading="lazy" size="fit" data-lightbox="true"/></picture></span><figcaption class="zpimage-caption zpimage-caption-align-center"><span class="zpimage-caption-content">By Andrea Leonardi (VP @ Minerva Group Service, MP @ Alpemi Consulting &amp; itSMF Swizerland board member).</span></figcaption></figure></div>
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</div></div></div></div></div></div> ]]></content:encoded><pubDate>Wed, 22 Jan 2025 07:00:00 +0100</pubDate></item><item><title><![CDATA[The management systems for artificial intelligence according to ISO 42001:2023]]></title><link>https://www.itsmf.ch/blogs/post/the-management-systems-for-artificial-intelligence-according-to-iso-42001-2023</link><description><![CDATA[<img align="left" hspace="5" src="https://www.itsmf.ch/the-management-systems-for-artificial-intelligence-according-to-iso-42001-2023-standard.png"/>The ISO 42001:2023 standard provides the requirements for implementing an artificial intelligence management system within organizations that provide AI-based products or services.]]></description><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="zpcontent-container blogpost-container "><div data-element-id="elm_eaocCKUWRQWj8hdYP5pfdA" data-element-type="section" class="zpsection "><style type="text/css"> [data-element-id="elm_eaocCKUWRQWj8hdYP5pfdA"].zpsection{ border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zpcontainer-fluid zpcontainer"><div data-element-id="elm_EZDc8gx4R1GuKfHeKhZ2iw" data-element-type="row" class="zprow zprow-container zpalign-items- zpjustify-content- " data-equal-column=""><style type="text/css"> [data-element-id="elm_EZDc8gx4R1GuKfHeKhZ2iw"].zprow{ border-radius:1px; } </style><div data-element-id="elm_PC-fd0JiQGy9ODIQOJc_6g" data-element-type="column" class="zpelem-col zpcol-12 zpcol-md-8 zpcol-sm-12 zpalign-self- "><style type="text/css"> [data-element-id="elm_PC-fd0JiQGy9ODIQOJc_6g"].zpelem-col{ border-radius:1px; } </style><div data-element-id="elm_DmKi1zQzpSrBY7HijFo4iw" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_DmKi1zQzpSrBY7HijFo4iw"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><p><span style="font-style:italic;">Reading time: ~ 2 min.</span><br></p></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_2qjBSAuRzQlWAQ9It7Qvyg" data-element-type="image" class="zpelement zpelem-image "><style> @media (min-width: 992px) { [data-element-id="elm_2qjBSAuRzQlWAQ9It7Qvyg"] .zpimage-container figure img { width: 703px ; height: 468.48px ; } } @media (max-width: 991px) and (min-width: 768px) { [data-element-id="elm_2qjBSAuRzQlWAQ9It7Qvyg"] .zpimage-container figure img { width:723px ; height:481.80px ; } } @media (max-width: 767px) { [data-element-id="elm_2qjBSAuRzQlWAQ9It7Qvyg"] .zpimage-container figure img { width:415px ; height:276.55px ; } } [data-element-id="elm_2qjBSAuRzQlWAQ9It7Qvyg"].zpelem-image { border-radius:1px; } </style><div data-caption-color="" data-size-tablet="" data-size-mobile="" data-align="center" data-tablet-image-separate="false" data-mobile-image-separate="false" class="zpimage-container zpimage-align-center zpimage-size-fit zpimage-tablet-fallback-fit zpimage-mobile-fallback-fit hb-lightbox " data-lightbox-options="
                type:fullscreen,
                theme:dark"><figure role="none" class="zpimage-data-ref"><span class="zpimage-anchor" role="link" tabindex="0" aria-label="Open Lightbox" style="cursor:pointer;"><picture><img class="zpimage zpimage-style-none zpimage-space-none " src="/the-management-systems-for-artificial-intelligence-according-to-iso-42001-2023-standard-itsmf-s.jpg" width="415" height="276.55" loading="lazy" size="fit" alt="direttiva sulla responsabilità da intelligenza artificiale itsmf blog" data-lightbox="true"/></picture></span></figure></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_Uy2drJ_yPLPmFCRoHyz74Q" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_Uy2drJ_yPLPmFCRoHyz74Q"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true">ISO 42001 standard: the management systems for AI<br></h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_MA7yDYFPfnWBQlmFKNXRhQ" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_MA7yDYFPfnWBQlmFKNXRhQ"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; margin-block-start:14px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:1.5;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:1;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"> The recent <span style="font-weight:bold;">ISO 42001:2023 standard</span> on Information Technology Artificial Intelligence Management Systems contains a series of <span style="font-style:italic;">tools</span> that are useful for organizations looking for implementing security, protection, equity, transparency and data quality data for AI-based products or services.</div><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><br></div><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;">This standard provides in particular the requirements for implementing an <span style="font-weight:bold;">Artificial Intelligence Management Systems</span> – aka «AIMS» – that is able to <span style="background-color:rgb(234, 234, 4);">keep up along the entire «life cycle» of AI products or products</span>.</div><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><br></div><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;">In other words, ISO 42001 is useful during development, supply, use and monitoring of a product (or service even) that embeds artificial intelligence features.<br></div></div>
</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>
</div></div><p style="text-align:left;"></p><p><span></span><span></span></p><div><div style="line-height:2;"></div>
</div></div></div></div></div><span style="font-size:18px;"><span style="color:inherit;"><span style="font-size:11pt;"><span style="color:inherit;"><span style="font-size:11pt;"></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<p></p><p></p><p></p></div></div><div data-element-id="elm_JjD8tlosrYxfDmn2ItzCcA" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_JjD8tlosrYxfDmn2ItzCcA"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true">The ISO 42001 standard and its HLS structure<br></h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_KiIuPQ4kfJBwqS4N9F3DIA" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_KiIuPQ4kfJBwqS4N9F3DIA"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="line-height:2;"><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">We should keep in mind that the <span style="font-weight:bold;">ISO 42001 standard</span> implements the typical ISO High Level Structure – (HLS) – that is common to all the ISO management Systems.<br></span></p><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><br></span></p><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">In particular, we can find out that the <span style="background-color:rgb(234, 234, 4);">clause 8. – on «Operation» – is divided into the following requirements:<br></span></span></p></div>
</div></div><div data-element-id="elm_twpyx-3F0wbqCO7RQ90xAA" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_twpyx-3F0wbqCO7RQ90xAA"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="line-height:2;"><div style="line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;"><p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:14pt;">✅ 8.1 Operational planning and control</span></p><p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:14pt;">✅ 8.2 AI Risk Assessment</span></p><p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:14pt;">✅ 8.3 Treatment of AI risk</span></p><p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-size:14pt;">✅ 8.4 Impact assessment of the AI ​​system</span></p></div><div style="color:inherit;"><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:16px;"></span></p><p style="text-align:left;"></p></div>
</div></div></div></div><div data-element-id="elm_8FQI4Cjro0v8pKUlqtyp6g" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_8FQI4Cjro0v8pKUlqtyp6g"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true">The ISO 42001 standard: our infographic on requirements<br></h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_YL0X5frm4hbkkpkeEY5h1w" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_YL0X5frm4hbkkpkeEY5h1w"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><p>The requirements specified on ISO 42001 standard are listed between the clauses 4 and 10, as it is common along the management systems standards.<br></p><p><br></p><p>To better figure out&nbsp; the «<span style="font-weight:bold;">big picture</span>», take a look at our infographic:<br></p></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_GJ3NT9jCQU0ivFXDnpKrvQ" data-element-type="image" class="zpelement zpelem-image "><style> @media (min-width: 992px) { [data-element-id="elm_GJ3NT9jCQU0ivFXDnpKrvQ"] .zpimage-container figure img { width: 703px ; height: 527.25px ; } } @media (max-width: 991px) and (min-width: 768px) { [data-element-id="elm_GJ3NT9jCQU0ivFXDnpKrvQ"] .zpimage-container figure img { width:723px ; height:542.25px ; } } @media (max-width: 767px) { [data-element-id="elm_GJ3NT9jCQU0ivFXDnpKrvQ"] .zpimage-container figure img { width:415px ; height:311.25px ; } } [data-element-id="elm_GJ3NT9jCQU0ivFXDnpKrvQ"].zpelem-image { border-radius:1px; } </style><div data-caption-color="" data-size-tablet="" data-size-mobile="" data-align="center" data-tablet-image-separate="false" data-mobile-image-separate="false" class="zpimage-container zpimage-align-center zpimage-size-fit zpimage-tablet-fallback-fit zpimage-mobile-fallback-fit hb-lightbox " data-lightbox-options="
                type:fullscreen,
                theme:dark"><figure role="none" class="zpimage-data-ref"><span class="zpimage-anchor" role="link" tabindex="0" aria-label="Open Lightbox" style="cursor:pointer;"><picture><img class="zpimage zpimage-style-none zpimage-space-none " src="/ISO-IEC-42001-2023-information-technology-artificial-intelligence-management-system-itsmf-switz.jpg" width="415" height="311.25" loading="lazy" size="fit" data-lightbox="true"/></picture></span><figcaption class="zpimage-caption zpimage-caption-align-center"><span class="zpimage-caption-content">By Andrea Leonardi (VP @ Minerva Group Service, MP @ Alpemi Consulting &amp; itSMF Swizerland board member).</span></figcaption></figure></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_hHpQNoDx88mvUsX2WAKThg" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_hHpQNoDx88mvUsX2WAKThg"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;line-height:1.5;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;line-height:2;"><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><span><span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span>If you want to keep you up-to-date with the most recent news on this topic, don't forget to join our Annual Forum Day 2024.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><span><br></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><span>Andrea Leonardi will held a speech on «</span></span><span style="color:inherit;font-weight:bold;">GRC ICT: A﻿I Management Systems ISO 42001 between Innovation (ISO 56002) &amp; Sustainability (ISO 26000)</span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span>».<br></span></span></div>
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</div></div></div></div></div></div> ]]></content:encoded><pubDate>Wed, 06 Mar 2024 14:25:00 +0100</pubDate></item><item><title><![CDATA[Artificial Intelligence (AI) and risk management with the ISO 23894 standard]]></title><link>https://www.itsmf.ch/blogs/post/artificial-intelligence-ai-and-risk-management-with-the-iso-23894-standard</link><description><![CDATA[<img align="left" hspace="5" src="https://www.itsmf.ch/itsmf-blog-iso-23894-standard-ai-artificial-intelligence-risk-management.jpg"/>The ISO 23894 standard provides us a guidance to manage AI-related risks on organizations that develop or use intelligence-base products, systems or services.]]></description><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="zpcontent-container blogpost-container "><div data-element-id="elm_eaocCKUWRQWj8hdYP5pfdA" data-element-type="section" class="zpsection "><style type="text/css"></style><div class="zpcontainer-fluid zpcontainer"><div data-element-id="elm_EZDc8gx4R1GuKfHeKhZ2iw" data-element-type="row" class="zprow zprow-container zpalign-items- zpjustify-content- " data-equal-column=""><style type="text/css"> [data-element-id="elm_EZDc8gx4R1GuKfHeKhZ2iw"].zprow{ border-radius:1px; } </style><div data-element-id="elm_PC-fd0JiQGy9ODIQOJc_6g" data-element-type="column" class="zpelem-col zpcol-12 zpcol-md-8 zpcol-sm-12 zpalign-self- "><style type="text/css"> [data-element-id="elm_PC-fd0JiQGy9ODIQOJc_6g"].zpelem-col{ border-radius:1px; } </style><div data-element-id="elm_DmKi1zQzpSrBY7HijFo4iw" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_DmKi1zQzpSrBY7HijFo4iw"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><p><span style="font-style:italic;">Reading time: ~ 2 min.</span><br></p></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_2qjBSAuRzQlWAQ9It7Qvyg" data-element-type="image" class="zpelement zpelem-image "><style> @media (min-width: 992px) { [data-element-id="elm_2qjBSAuRzQlWAQ9It7Qvyg"] .zpimage-container figure img { width: 703px ; height: 468.81px ; } } @media (max-width: 991px) and (min-width: 768px) { [data-element-id="elm_2qjBSAuRzQlWAQ9It7Qvyg"] .zpimage-container figure img { width:723px ; height:482.15px ; } } @media (max-width: 767px) { [data-element-id="elm_2qjBSAuRzQlWAQ9It7Qvyg"] .zpimage-container figure img { width:415px ; height:276.75px ; } } [data-element-id="elm_2qjBSAuRzQlWAQ9It7Qvyg"].zpelem-image { border-radius:1px; } </style><div data-caption-color="" data-size-tablet="" data-size-mobile="" data-align="center" data-tablet-image-separate="false" data-mobile-image-separate="false" class="zpimage-container zpimage-align-center zpimage-size-fit zpimage-tablet-fallback-fit zpimage-mobile-fallback-fit hb-lightbox " data-lightbox-options="
                type:fullscreen,
                theme:dark"><figure role="none" class="zpimage-data-ref"><span class="zpimage-anchor" role="link" tabindex="0" aria-label="Open Lightbox" style="cursor:pointer;"><picture><img class="zpimage zpimage-style-none zpimage-space-none " src="/iso-23894-artificial-intelligence-risk-management-standard.jpg" width="415" height="276.75" loading="lazy" size="fit" alt="direttiva sulla responsabilità da intelligenza artificiale itsmf blog" data-lightbox="true"/></picture></span></figure></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_Uy2drJ_yPLPmFCRoHyz74Q" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_Uy2drJ_yPLPmFCRoHyz74Q"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true">Artificial Intelligence (AI) and risk management with the help of ISO 23894 standard<br></h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_MA7yDYFPfnWBQlmFKNXRhQ" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_MA7yDYFPfnWBQlmFKNXRhQ"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; margin-block-start:14px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:1.5;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:1;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:2;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-weight:bold;">Artificial Intelligence</span> is indeed one of the most relevant technological topic for companies and people, gaining more and more weight in our daily activities: but <span style="background-color:rgb(234, 234, 4);">AI brings to the table also concerns about an effective risk management</span> approach of AI systems.</span></div><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:2;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><br></span></div><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:2;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span>We have to notice that</span> the <span style="background-color:rgb(4, 234, 119);">development and use of AI systems</span> is indeed increasingly widespread and </span>they affect many industries as well as very <span style="font-weight:bold;">different types of data</span> (in particular, personal data) we have to manage minimizing all the related risks.</span></div><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:2;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><br></span></div><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:2;"><span style="font-size:16px;">So when it comes to find out a well <span style="font-weight:bold;">structured risk management approach</span> on systems, products and services with AI-related risks we can rely on the I<span style="font-weight:bold;">SO/IEC 23894:2023 standard</span>: let's focus together on this document in the next lines.<br></span></div></div></div></div></div>
</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><p style="text-align:left;"></p><p><span></span><span></span></p><div><div style="line-height:2;"></div>
</div></div></div></div></div><span style="font-size:18px;"><span style="color:inherit;"><span style="font-size:11pt;"><span style="color:inherit;"><span style="font-size:11pt;"></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<p></p><p></p><p></p></div></div><div data-element-id="elm_t3yIiy90bipYihRy1sqBHA" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_t3yIiy90bipYihRy1sqBHA"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true"><span style="color:inherit;">The ISO/IEC 23894 standard for AI Systems using ML</span><br></h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_4tfqvsR8x_gEp21v_XV_DQ" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_4tfqvsR8x_gEp21v_XV_DQ"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; margin-block-start:14px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:1.5;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:1;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:2;">The «<span style="font-weight:bold;">ISO/IEC 23894:2023 Information Technology Artificial Intelligence</span>» (last update of the standard) is meant to be a guidance on risk management to all the organizations that develop or use intelligence-based products, systems and services to manage properly AI-related risks.</div><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:2;"><br></div><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:2;">In this <span style="background-color:rgb(244, 244, 78);">new version of the ISO 23894 standard</span> (published <span style="color:inherit;">on <span style="font-weight:bold;">February 2023</span>)</span> we can find a guidance also to assist organizations on integration of risk management into their AI-related activities and functions.</div><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:2;"><br></div><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;line-height:2;">We have to bear in mind that the guidance provides also a <span style="font-weight:bold;">description of the expected processes</span> to for the efficient <span style="background-color:rgb(4, 234, 119);">implementation and integration of the Artificial Intelligence (AI) risk management</span>.<br></div></div>
</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><p style="text-align:left;"></p><p><span></span><span></span></p><div><div style="line-height:2;"></div>
</div></div></div></div></div><span style="font-size:18px;"><span style="color:inherit;"><span style="font-size:11pt;"><span style="color:inherit;"><span style="font-size:11pt;"></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<p></p><p></p><p></p></div></div><div data-element-id="elm_JjD8tlosrYxfDmn2ItzCcA" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_JjD8tlosrYxfDmn2ItzCcA"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true">The ISO/IEC 23894 standard table of contents<br></h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_KiIuPQ4kfJBwqS4N9F3DIA" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_KiIuPQ4kfJBwqS4N9F3DIA"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="line-height:2;"><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">In this updated version of the document (ISO 23894:2023), we find the following chapters:<br></span></p></div>
</div></div><div data-element-id="elm_twpyx-3F0wbqCO7RQ90xAA" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_twpyx-3F0wbqCO7RQ90xAA"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;line-height:2;"><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:16px;">✅ 4. Principles of AI Risk Management</span></p><span style="font-size:16px;"></span><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:16px;">✅ 5. Framework</span></p><span style="font-size:16px;"></span><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:16px;">✅ 6. Risk Management Process</span></p><span style="font-size:16px;"></span><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:16px;">✅ Annex A Objectives</span></p><span style="font-size:16px;"></span><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:16px;">✅ Annex B Risk sources</span></p><span style="font-size:16px;"></span><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:16px;">✅ Annex C Risk management and AI system life cycle</span></p></div></div></div><p style="text-align:justify;"></p></div>
</div></div></div></div><div data-element-id="elm_YL0X5frm4hbkkpkeEY5h1w" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_YL0X5frm4hbkkpkeEY5h1w"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><p>To better figure out the «<span style="font-weight:bold;">big picture</span>» about what we just described in these last lines, we can bring as usual our infographic.<br></p></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_GJ3NT9jCQU0ivFXDnpKrvQ" data-element-type="image" class="zpelement zpelem-image "><style> @media (min-width: 992px) { [data-element-id="elm_GJ3NT9jCQU0ivFXDnpKrvQ"] .zpimage-container figure img { width: 703px ; height: 527.25px ; } } @media (max-width: 991px) and (min-width: 768px) { [data-element-id="elm_GJ3NT9jCQU0ivFXDnpKrvQ"] .zpimage-container figure img { width:723px ; height:542.25px ; } } @media (max-width: 767px) { [data-element-id="elm_GJ3NT9jCQU0ivFXDnpKrvQ"] .zpimage-container figure img { width:415px ; height:311.25px ; } } [data-element-id="elm_GJ3NT9jCQU0ivFXDnpKrvQ"].zpelem-image { border-radius:1px; } </style><div data-caption-color="" data-size-tablet="" data-size-mobile="" data-align="center" data-tablet-image-separate="false" data-mobile-image-separate="false" class="zpimage-container zpimage-align-center zpimage-size-fit zpimage-tablet-fallback-fit zpimage-mobile-fallback-fit hb-lightbox " data-lightbox-options="
                type:fullscreen,
                theme:dark"><figure role="none" class="zpimage-data-ref"><span class="zpimage-anchor" role="link" tabindex="0" aria-label="Open Lightbox" style="cursor:pointer;"><picture><img class="zpimage zpimage-style-none zpimage-space-none " src="/iso-23894-standard-risk-management-IT-artificial-i1698228392719.jpeg" width="415" height="311.25" loading="lazy" size="fit" data-lightbox="true"/></picture></span><figcaption class="zpimage-caption zpimage-caption-align-center"><span class="zpimage-caption-content">By Andrea Leonardi (VP @ Minerva Group Service, MP @ Alpemi Consulting &amp; itSMF Swizerland board member).</span></figcaption></figure></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_hHpQNoDx88mvUsX2WAKThg" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_hHpQNoDx88mvUsX2WAKThg"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;line-height:1.5;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;line-height:2;"><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><span>We should finally remember that the <span style="font-weight:bold;">ISO/IEC 23984:2023 standard </span>recalls the well-known (and related) ISO 31000 standard which provides useful guidelines for risk management.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><span><br></span></span></div><div><span style="font-size:16px;"><span>If you want to keep you up-to-date with the most recent news on this topic, don't forget to follow us on our blog, social media channels and newsletter. Don't miss out our next updates on the brand new YouTube Channel!</span></span></div>
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</div></div></div></div></div></div> ]]></content:encoded><pubDate>Wed, 06 Dec 2023 07:00:00 +0100</pubDate></item><item><title><![CDATA[La direttiva sulla responsabilità da intelligenza artificiale]]></title><link>https://www.itsmf.ch/blogs/post/direttiva-sulla-responsabilità-da-intelligenza-artificiale</link><description><![CDATA[<img align="left" hspace="5" src="https://www.itsmf.ch/la-direttiva-sulla-responsabilità-da-intelligenza-artificiale-ue-itsmf-blog-anna-capoluongo.jpg"/>La proposta di direttiva sulla responsabilità da intelligenza artificiale della Commissione Europea mira ad adeguare le norme di responsabilità civile extracontrattuale ai sistemi AI.]]></description><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="zpcontent-container blogpost-container "><div data-element-id="elm_eaocCKUWRQWj8hdYP5pfdA" data-element-type="section" class="zpsection "><style type="text/css"></style><div class="zpcontainer-fluid zpcontainer"><div data-element-id="elm_EZDc8gx4R1GuKfHeKhZ2iw" data-element-type="row" class="zprow zprow-container zpalign-items- zpjustify-content- " data-equal-column=""><style type="text/css"> [data-element-id="elm_EZDc8gx4R1GuKfHeKhZ2iw"].zprow{ border-radius:1px; } </style><div data-element-id="elm_PC-fd0JiQGy9ODIQOJc_6g" data-element-type="column" class="zpelem-col zpcol-12 zpcol-md-8 zpcol-sm-12 zpalign-self- "><style type="text/css"> [data-element-id="elm_PC-fd0JiQGy9ODIQOJc_6g"].zpelem-col{ border-radius:1px; } </style><div data-element-id="elm_DmKi1zQzpSrBY7HijFo4iw" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_DmKi1zQzpSrBY7HijFo4iw"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><p><span style="font-style:italic;">Tempo di lettura: ~ 5 min.</span><br></p></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_2qjBSAuRzQlWAQ9It7Qvyg" data-element-type="image" class="zpelement zpelem-image "><style> @media (min-width: 992px) { [data-element-id="elm_2qjBSAuRzQlWAQ9It7Qvyg"] .zpimage-container figure img { width: 703px ; height: 468.99px ; } } @media (max-width: 991px) and (min-width: 768px) { [data-element-id="elm_2qjBSAuRzQlWAQ9It7Qvyg"] .zpimage-container figure img { width:723px ; height:482.33px ; } } @media (max-width: 767px) { [data-element-id="elm_2qjBSAuRzQlWAQ9It7Qvyg"] .zpimage-container figure img { width:415px ; height:276.86px ; } } [data-element-id="elm_2qjBSAuRzQlWAQ9It7Qvyg"].zpelem-image { border-radius:1px; } </style><div data-caption-color="" data-size-tablet="" data-size-mobile="" data-align="center" data-tablet-image-separate="false" data-mobile-image-separate="false" class="zpimage-container zpimage-align-center zpimage-size-fit zpimage-tablet-fallback-fit zpimage-mobile-fallback-fit hb-lightbox " data-lightbox-options="
                type:fullscreen,
                theme:dark"><figure role="none" class="zpimage-data-ref"><span class="zpimage-anchor" role="link" tabindex="0" aria-label="Open Lightbox" style="cursor:pointer;"><picture><img class="zpimage zpimage-style-none zpimage-space-none " src="/la-direttiva-sulla-responsabilit%C3%A0-da-intelligenza-artificiale-ue-itsmf-blog-1.jpg" width="415" height="276.86" loading="lazy" size="fit" alt="direttiva sulla responsabilità da intelligenza artificiale itsmf blog" data-lightbox="true"/></picture></span></figure></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_Uy2drJ_yPLPmFCRoHyz74Q" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_Uy2drJ_yPLPmFCRoHyz74Q"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true"><span style="color:inherit;">La proposta di direttiva sulla responsabilità da intelligenza artificiale della Commissione Europea<br></span></h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_8ISiIdzAT0Dstu_ezLc5gg" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_8ISiIdzAT0Dstu_ezLc5gg"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; margin-block-start:33px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="line-height:1.2;"><div><div><div style="line-height:2;"><div style="line-height:2;"><div style="line-height:2;"><div style="line-height:2;"><div style="line-height:2;"><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="color:inherit;"><span>A Settembre 2022 la <span style="font-weight:bold;">Commissione Europea</span> ha pubblicato una proposta di <span style="background-color:rgb(4, 234, 119);">Direttiva</span> per adeguare le norme di <span style="font-weight:bold;">responsabilità civile&nbsp;extracontrattuale</span> ai sistemi di <span style="background-color:rgb(4, 234, 119);">intelligenza artificiale</span> (cd. </span></span>«<span style="color:inherit;">Artificial intelligence liability Directive</span>» <span style="color:inherit;"><span><span style="background-color:rgb(234, 119, 4);"><span style="font-weight:bold;">1</span></span>),</span></span><span style="color:inherit;"><span> nel tentativo di integrare e modernizzare il&nbsp;quadro normativo dell'UE in tali ambiti, introducendo anche nuove norme specifiche per i danni causati da sistemi di&nbsp;AI.</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_fe_IZx1FA1gyqbnqSgcCCg" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_fe_IZx1FA1gyqbnqSgcCCg"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; margin-block-start:11px; } </style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><h2></h2><h2><span>Alcuni dettagli in più sulla </span>«<span>com (2022) 496</span>»</h2></div></h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_MA7yDYFPfnWBQlmFKNXRhQ" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_MA7yDYFPfnWBQlmFKNXRhQ"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; margin-block-start:14px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:14px;"><span>In tal senso, gli <i>users </i><span style="background-color:rgb(4, 234, 119);">danneggiati da sistemi di intelligenza artificiale</span> potrebbero godere dello&nbsp;stesso livello di protezione di quelli danneggiati da altre tecnologie, alleggerendo, al contempo, l'onere della prova che nel campo dei sistemi intelligenti risulta particolarmente complesso, anche a causa del cd. effetto </span>«<span style="font-weight:bold;">black box</span>»<span>. <br></span></span></p><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:14px;"><br></span></p><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:14px;">Quest’ultimo incide proprio sulla <span style="background-color:rgb(234, 234, 4);">trasparenza e sulla spiegabilità dell’algoritmo</span>, ossia sulla comprensibilità di <span style="font-weight:bold;">input, output e del funzionamento</span> vero e proprio dell’AI.</span></p><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:14px;"><br></span></p><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;"><span style="font-size:14px;">In questo senso, il problema è che l’<span style="font-weight:bold;">intelligenza artificiale</span> è capace<i></i></span></span>«<span style="font-size:10.5pt;"><span style="font-size:14px;"><i>di</i></span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;"><span style="font-size:14px;"><i><span style="background-color:rgb(4, 234, 119);">produrre dei risultati</span>, ma il processo attraverso cui produce questi risultati, la <span style="font-weight:bold;">ragione</span> per cui l’algoritmo compie specifiche decisioni, <span style="background-color:rgb(234, 234, 4);">non sono totalmente comprensibili e spiegabili dal punto di vista dell’utente finale</span>. È evidente che la trasparenza è particolarmente importante per assicurare la correttezza nell’uso degli algoritmi e per identificare possibili distorsioni</i></span></span>»<span style="font-size:10.5pt;"><span style="font-size:14px;"><span><span style="font-weight:bold;background-color:rgb(234, 119, 4);">2</span></span>.</span><br></span></p><p style="text-align:left;"></p><p><span></span><span></span></p><div><div style="line-height:2;"></div></div></div></div></div></div><span style="font-size:18px;"><span style="color:inherit;"><span style="font-size:11pt;"><span style="color:inherit;"><span style="font-size:11pt;"></span></span></span></span></span></div><p></p><p></p><p></p></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_kkQQUZ_1vZEA229hNcY2yA" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_kkQQUZ_1vZEA229hNcY2yA"].zpelem-text { background-color:rgba(234,119,4,0.18); background-image:unset; border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><p><span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="background-color:rgb(234, 119, 4);">1</span> Si veda <a href="https://commission.europa.eu/business-economy-euro/doing-business-eu/contract-rules/digital-contracts/liability-rules-artificial-intelligence_en"><span>https://commission.europa.eu/business-economy-euro/doing-business-eu/contract-rules/digital-contracts/liability-rules-artificial-intelligence_en</span></a><br></span></p><p><span style="font-size:12px;"><span><span style="background-color:rgb(234, 119, 4);">2</span></span><a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2020/654179/EPRS_STU%282020%29654179_EN.pdf"><span>https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2020/654179/EPRS_STU(2020)654179_EN.pdf</span></a>. </span></p></div></div></div></div><p></p></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_whpLkLjj3x11HYk804sMEA" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_whpLkLjj3x11HYk804sMEA"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><h2></h2><h2>L<span>a direttiva sui prodotti difettosi e la proposta AiLD<br></span></h2></div></h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_hHpQNoDx88mvUsX2WAKThg" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_hHpQNoDx88mvUsX2WAKThg"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;line-height:2;"><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:14px;"><span>Ad oggi, per chiarezza, il quadro normativo applicabile in materia di responsabilità </span><span style="color:inherit;"><span>–</span></span><span> su territorio europeo </span><span style="color:inherit;"><span>–</span></span><span> è costituito dalla <span style="font-weight:bold;">Direttiva 85/374/CEE</span> (cd. </span>«<span>Direttiva PLD</span>»<span>, Product Liability Directive), per i danni da&nbsp;prodotti difettosi, oltre che dalle norme nazionali applicabili nei singoli Stati membri.</span></span></p><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:14px;"><br></span></p><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:14px;">Da un lato, dunque, le<span style="font-weight:bold;"> norme nazionali</span> in materia di responsabilità offrono <span style="background-color:rgb(234, 234, 4);">diverse possibilità di risarcimento per responsabilità per colpa o responsabilità oggettiva</span> (indipendente dalla colpa).</span></p><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:14px;"><br></span></p><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:14px;">Nel primo caso, sarà richiesta la dimostrazione dell'esistenza di un danno, di una colpa del responsabile e di un nesso di&nbsp;causalità tra colpa e danno, mentre nel perimetro della <span style="font-weight:bold;">responsabilità oggettiva</span> il <i>focus</i> verterà sulla <span style="background-color:rgb(4, 234, 119);">concretizzazione del rischio&nbsp;derivante/generato dal responsabile</span>, di volta in volta individuato dalla legge.</span></p><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:14px;"><br></span></p><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:14px;">Dall’altro si pone la <span style="font-weight:bold;">direttiva PLD</span>, che ha come obiettivo quello di <span style="background-color:rgb(4, 234, 119);">armonizzare a livello europeo i regimi di responsabilità oggettiva</span> per le richieste di risarcimento dei danni causati al&nbsp;consumatore a causa della difettosità di una vasta gamma di prodotti (dalle materie prime ai dispositivi&nbsp;di intelligenza artificiale), stabilendo regole comuni in base alle quali il produttore (e in alcuni casi il fornitore/venditore) potrà essere ritenuto&nbsp;responsabile dei danni causati da un difetto del proprio prodotto, a condizione che la parte lesa dimostri il danno, il difetto e il nesso causale.</span></p><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:14px;"><br></span></p><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:14px;">In base alla PLD, potrà essere richiesto un risarcimento per danni alla persona o ai beni di consumo derivanti da un prodotto difettoso&nbsp;fino a 10 anni dopo la messa in circolazione del prodotto stesso.</span></p></div></div></div><p></p></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_F_Ia0uCU2hcmvx-yXG0f2Q" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_F_Ia0uCU2hcmvx-yXG0f2Q"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; } </style><h3
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true">L'approccio della proposta della direttiva sulla responsabilità da IA<br></h3></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_IA_F9jKvlMYIWYBdIbMefQ" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_IA_F9jKvlMYIWYBdIbMefQ"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;line-height:2;"><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;">Diverso, invece, l’approccio della proposta di Direttiva sulla responsabilità per l'IA (di seguito per comodità anche “<span style="font-weight:bold;">AiLD</span>”), che mira ad <span style="background-color:rgb(4, 234, 119);">armonizzare le norme sulla responsabilità civile extracontrattuale per i danni&nbsp;causati da sistemi intelligenti (IA)</span>.</span></p><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;"><br></span></p><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;">L’<span style="background-color:rgb(234, 234, 4);">articolo 1</span>, infatti, recita così:</span></p><p style="text-align:left;">«<span style="font-size:10.5pt;"><i>1. <b>La presente direttiva stabilisce norme comuni su:</b></i></span></p><p style="text-align:left;"><b><i><span style="font-size:10.5pt;">(a) la divulgazione di prove relative a sistemi di intelligenza artificiale (IA) ad alto rischio per consentire a un attore di fondare una richiesta di risarcimento danni di diritto civile per colpa extracontrattuale;</span></i></b></p><p style="text-align:left;"><b><i><span style="font-size:10.5pt;">b) l'onere della prova in caso di azioni civili extracontrattuali fondate su colpa intentate dinanzi ai giudici nazionali per danni causati da un sistema di IA</span></i></b><i><span style="font-size:10.5pt;">.</span></i></p><p style="text-align:left;"><i><span style="font-size:10.5pt;"><br></span></i></p><p style="text-align:left;"><i><span style="font-size:10.5pt;">2. <b>La presente direttiva si applica alle azioni di diritto civile extracontrattuale per risarcimento danni</b>, nei casi in cui il danno causato da un sistema di IA si verifichi dopo [la fine del periodo di recepimento].</span></i></p><p style="text-align:left;"><i><span style="font-size:10.5pt;">L<span style="background-color:rgb(4, 234, 119);">a presente direttiva non si applica alla responsabilità penale</span>.</span></i></p><p style="text-align:left;"><i><span style="font-size:10.5pt;"><br></span></i></p><p style="text-align:left;"><i><span style="font-size:10.5pt;">3. La presente direttiva non pregiudica:</span></i></p><p style="text-align:left;"><i><span style="font-size:10.5pt;">a) le norme del diritto dell'Unione che disciplinano le condizioni di responsabilità nel settore dei trasporti;</span></i></p><p style="text-align:left;"><i><span style="font-size:10.5pt;">b) eventuali diritti che una persona lesa può avere ai sensi delle norme nazionali di attuazione della direttiva 85/374/CEE;</span></i></p><p style="text-align:left;"><i><span style="font-size:10.5pt;">(c) le esenzioni dalla responsabilità e gli obblighi di dovuta diligenza di cui alla [legge sui servizi digitali] e</span></i></p><p style="text-align:left;"><i><span style="font-size:10.5pt;">d) le norme nazionali che determinano quale parte ha l'onere della prova, quale grado di certezza è richiesto per quanto riguarda il livello della prova o come viene definita la colpa, diverse da quanto previsto dagli articoli 3 e 4.</span></i></p><p style="text-align:left;"><i><span style="font-size:10.5pt;"><br></span></i></p><p style="text-align:left;"><i><span style="font-size:10.5pt;">4. <span style="background-color:rgb(4, 234, 119);">Gli Stati membri possono adottare o mantenere norme nazionali più favorevoli ai ricorrenti </span>per motivare una domanda di diritto civile extracontrattuale per danni causati da un sistema di IA, a condizione che tali norme siano compatibili con il diritto dell'Unione</span></i>»<span style="font-size:10.5pt;">.</span></p></div></div><p></p></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_zOR-pLRu4QIGIPxzxBxQIA" data-element-type="heading" class="zpelement zpelem-heading "><style> [data-element-id="elm_zOR-pLRu4QIGIPxzxBxQIA"].zpelem-heading { border-radius:1px; margin-block-start:18px; } </style><h2
 class="zpheading zpheading-style-none zpheading-align-left " data-editor="true"><span>Che cos'è per </span>«<span>la legge</span>»<span> l'intelligenza artificiale?</span></h2></div>
<div data-element-id="elm_GZlJJyMxJYmmQtNe5dt29w" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_GZlJJyMxJYmmQtNe5dt29w"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;line-height:2;"><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;">Per garantire la coerenza, la Direttiva sulla responsabilità per l'IA fa riferimento a una serie di <span style="font-weight:bold;">nozioni chiave</span> quali </span>«<span style="font-size:10.5pt;">sistema di IA</span>»<span style="font-size:10.5pt;">, </span>«<span style="font-size:10.5pt;">sistema di IA ad alto rischio</span>»<span style="font-size:10.5pt;">, </span>«<span style="font-size:10.5pt;">fornitore</span>»<span style="font-size:10.5pt;"> e </span>«<span style="font-size:10.5pt;">utente</span>»<span style="font-size:10.5pt;"> contenute nel progetto di legge sull'IA, senza dare una definizione di tali concetti.</span></p><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;"><br></span></p><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;">La AiLD, ad esempio, si rifà direttamente al concetto generale di </span>«<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-weight:bold;">Sistema di IA</span>»<span style="font-size:10.5pt;"> come previsto dall<span style="background-color:rgb(234, 234, 4);">’AI Act</span>, ossia </span>«<i><span style="font-size:10.5pt;">software developed with certain techniques and approaches (machine learning, logic- and knowledge-based approaches, statistical approaches etc.) that can, for a given set of human-defined objectives, generate outputs such as content, predictions, recommendations, or decisions influencing the environments with which these systems interact</span></i>»<span style="font-size:10.5pt;">.</span></p><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;"><br></span></p><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;">È giusto il caso di evidenziare come da ultimo, il <span style="font-weight:bold;">Parlamento Europeo</span> abbia accettato di <span style="background-color:rgb(4, 234, 119);">adottare la definizione di AI</span> proposta dall'Organizzazione per la Cooperazione e lo Sviluppo Economico (<span style="font-weight:bold;">OCSE</span>) nell’AI Act, segnando una svolta significativa e aprendo ai principi di omogeneità e certezza (quanto meno definitoria) a livello comunitario.</span></p><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;"><br></span></p><p style="text-align:left;">«<span style="font-size:10.5pt;"><i>Artificial intelligence system (ai system) means a machine-based system that is designed to operate with varying levels of autonomy and that can, for explicit or implicit objectives, generate output such as predictions, recommendations, or decisions influencing physical or virtual environments</i></span>»<span style="font-size:10.5pt;"><i>. </i></span></p><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;"><br></span></p><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;">Le nuove&nbsp;norme della <span style="font-weight:bold;">AiLD</span> si applicherebbero, quindi, ai <span style="background-color:rgb(244, 244, 78);">danni causati dai sistemi di IA</span>, indipendentemente dal fatto che siano definiti <span style="font-weight:bold;">ad alto rischio o meno</span> ai sensi&nbsp;dell’IA act<span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;"><span style="font-weight:bold;background-color:rgb(234, 119, 4);">3</span></span></span>, e a <span style="background-color:rgb(4, 234, 119);">prescindere da un legame contrattuale tra “vittima” e responsabile</span>. </span></p><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;"><br></span></p><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;">Si andrebbe così a garantire che<span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;chiunque (persona fisica o giuridica) possa essere risarcito</span> in caso di <span style="background-color:rgb(234, 234, 4);">danno subito da parte di un fornitore,&nbsp;sviluppatore o user di IA</span>.</span></p></div></div><p></p></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_oHdpXbzjmZ8UbBfpme4z7w" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_oHdpXbzjmZ8UbBfpme4z7w"].zpelem-text { background-color:rgba(234,119,4,0.18); background-image:unset; border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-align:left;"><p><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:&quot;open sans&quot;;"><span><span style="background-color:rgb(234, 119, 4);font-weight:bold;">3</span></span></span><span style="color:inherit;font-size:12px;font-family:&quot;open sans&quot;;">Commissione Europea, Questions &amp; Answers: AI Liability Directive, 28 September 2022, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/QANDA_22_5793. Rilevante per il suo danno, e che è ragionevolmente probabile un nesso causale con la prestazione dell'IA, si potrà presumere che tale inadempienza abbia causato il danno. Ricordando, però, che: “Since this Directive introduces a rebuttable presumption, the defendant should be able to rebut it, in particular by showing that its fault could not have caused the damage” (Considerando 30).</span></p><p></p></div></div></div></div><p></p></div>
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                theme:dark"><figure role="none" class="zpimage-data-ref"><span class="zpimage-anchor" role="link" tabindex="0" aria-label="Open Lightbox" style="cursor:pointer;"><picture><img class="zpimage zpimage-style-none zpimage-space-none " src="/liability-regimes-in-the-EU-AI.png" width="472" height="557" loading="lazy" size="original" data-lightbox="true"/></picture></span></figure></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_UTPWn_eHvaQk8trduyGvgA" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_UTPWn_eHvaQk8trduyGvgA"].zpelem-text { border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;line-height:2;"><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:14px;"><span>Diversamente da altri concetti, nel caso di </span>«<span>richiesta di risarcimento danni</span>»<span> la Direttiva ne definisce la portata nel senso di richiesta di diritto civile non contrattuale, basata sulla colpa, per il risarcimento dei danni causati da un risultato di un sistema di IA o dall'incapacità di tale sistema di produrre un risultato che avrebbe dovuto essere prodotto.</span></span></p><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:14px;"><br></span></p><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:14px;"><span>Si tratta, dunque, della creazione di una presunzione di causalità che <span style="background-color:rgb(4, 234, 119);"> renderebbe l’onere della prova ricadente sui richiedenti il risarcimento molto più ragionevole e </span></span><span style="background-color:rgb(4, 234, 119);">«<span>semplificato</span>»<span>.</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:14px;"><br></span></p><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:14px;">L'articolo 4, infatti, stabilisce una presunzione di causalità confutabile che stabilisce un nesso di causalità tra l'inosservanza di un obbligo di diligenza ai sensi del diritto dell'Unione o nazionale (ossia la colpa) e l'output prodotto dal sistema di intelligenza artificiale o l'incapacità del sistema di intelligenza artificiale di produrre un output che ha dato origine al danno in questione.</span></p><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:14px;"><br></span></p><p style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:14px;"><span>In pratica, se una vittima può dimostrare che qualcuno è stato colpevole di non aver rispettato un determinato obbligo rilevante per il suo danno, e che è ragionevolmente probabile un nesso causale con la prestazione dell'IA, si potrà presumere che tale inadempienza abbia causato il danno. Ricordando, però, che: </span>«<span><i>Since this Directive introduces a rebuttable presumption, the defendant should be able to rebut it, in particular by showing that its fault could not have caused the damage</i></span>»<span> (Considerando 30).</span></span></p></div></div></div></div><p></p></div>
</div><div data-element-id="elm_IkPuS9IVhs3uScR-pG9CSg" data-element-type="text" class="zpelement zpelem-text "><style> [data-element-id="elm_IkPuS9IVhs3uScR-pG9CSg"].zpelem-text { background-color:rgba(234,119,4,0.15); background-image:unset; border-radius:1px; } </style><div class="zptext zptext-align-left " data-editor="true"><div style="line-height:2;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;"><div style="color:inherit;line-height:2;"><p style="text-align:left;"><b><span style="font-size:14px;">Contenuto realizzato da Anna Capoluongo</span></b></p><div style="color:inherit;text-align:left;"><p><span style="font-size:14px;">Avvocato, DPO, Vicepresidente I.R.L.E.S.S., membro del GdL sull’intelligenza artificiale (ANORC) e di D&amp;L Network.</span></p></div></div></div></div><span style="color:inherit;font-size:18px;"><span></span></span></div><span style="color:inherit;"><span style="font-size:16px;"><span></span></span></span></div></div>
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